The story of Rwanda
Rwanda's hills have been inhabited for thousands of years, first by the forest-dwelling Twa and later by farming and cattle-keeping communities. By around the fifteenth century a kingdom had formed in the region, ruled by a mwami, or king, with an elaborate royal court, poets, dancers and drummers. Over the following centuries the kingdom expanded, reaching its greatest extent in the nineteenth century, and the traditions of intore warrior dances and royal drumming remain proud parts of national culture.
Germany claimed the territory in the 1890s as part of German East Africa, and after the First World War it was administered by Belgium as part of Ruanda-Urundi. Colonial rule hardened social categories and introduced identity cards, deepening divisions between Rwandans. A revolution beginning in 1959 overthrew the monarchy, and Rwanda became independent on 1 July 1962, followed by decades of political tension and exile for many.
Read the full history
In 1994 Rwanda suffered the genocide against the Tutsi, one of the darkest chapters of the twentieth century, during which moderate Hutu who opposed the killings were also targeted. In the years since, the country has focused on rebuilding, reconciliation and remembrance, with community courts, memorials and a strong emphasis on national unity. Rwanda has become known for its clean, orderly cities, its ban on plastic bags, monthly community work days and its investment in conservation and tourism.
For visitors, Rwanda – the 'land of a thousand hills' – offers one of the world's great wildlife encounters: trekking to see mountain gorillas in Volcanoes National Park. Chimpanzees in Nyungwe Forest, the big game of Akagera and the lakeside towns of Lake Kivu add variety, while the Kigali Genocide Memorial provides essential, moving context for understanding the country today.
Timeline
- c. 1400sThe Kingdom of Rwanda takes shape
- 1890sRwanda becomes part of German East Africa
- 1916Belgian forces take control; Belgian administration follows
- 1959Revolution begins and the monarchy is later abolished
- 1962Independence on 1 July
- 1994The genocide against the Tutsi
- 2008Rwanda introduces a nationwide ban on plastic bags
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
- EAC – East African Community member – look out for regional tourist visas.
- Commonwealth – Commonwealth member.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of Rwanda (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Rwanda appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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Things to do in Rwanda
- Trek to see mountain gorillasHike through bamboo and nettles in Volcanoes National Park to spend an unforgettable hour with a gorilla family.
- Track golden monkeysWatch playful, orange-backed golden monkeys leap through bamboo forests on the volcano slopes.
- Visit the Kigali Genocide MemorialPay respects and learn about the 1994 genocide and Rwanda's path to reconciliation.
- Walk Nyungwe's canopy walkwayStroll a suspension bridge high above one of Africa's oldest montane rainforests.
- Track chimpanzees in NyungweSet off at dawn to follow chimpanzee calls through the forest.
- Go on safari in AkageraSpot lions, rhinos, elephants and giraffes on savanna and lake shores in Rwanda's only savanna park.
- Relax on Lake KivuKayak, swim or take a boat trip from the lakeside towns of Gisenyi, Kibuye and Cyangugu.
- Explore KigaliBrowse craft shops, coffee bars and art galleries in one of Africa's cleanest capitals.
- Hike the Congo Nile TrailWalk or cycle along Lake Kivu's shoreline through villages, coffee farms and hills.
- Watch intore dancersFeel the energy of traditional dancers and drummers performing at cultural centres.
Where to go in Rwanda
- KigaliCentre · capitalA safe, green and orderly capital with memorials, markets, cafés and a creative scene.
- 📍Volcanoes National ParkNorthwest · gorillas & volcanoesHome to mountain gorillas and golden monkeys among dramatic Virunga volcanoes.
- Nyungwe National ParkSouthwest · rainforestAncient montane forest with chimpanzees, monkeys, birds and a canopy walkway.
- Akagera National ParkEast · savanna safariLakes, plains and wetlands with the Big Five after a successful restoration.
- 📍Lake KivuWestern border · lakeA beautiful lake for relaxing after treks, with beaches and island boat trips.
- 📍MusanzeNorth · gateway townThe base for gorilla treks, caves and twin lakes Burera and Ruhondo.
- 📍HuyeSouth · university townHome to the Ethnographic Museum, one of the best in East Africa.
- 📍NyanzaSouth · royal heritageSee the reconstructed King's Palace and the long-horned Inyambo cattle.
- Trek to see mountain gorillas
- Walk the Nyungwe canopy walkway
- Kayak or cycle along Lake Kivu
- Visit the Kigali Genocide Memorial
- Brochettes – grilled goat or beef skewers
- Isombe – cassava leaves cooked with eggplant and peanuts
- Ugali – stiff maize porridge served with stews
- Rwandan coffee – grown in the hills and very fresh
Best time to visit Rwanda
Rwanda's altitude gives it a pleasant, spring-like climate year-round. The volcano and Nyungwe regions are cooler and wetter, while Akagera in the east is warmer and drier.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Kigali (approximate averages).
- AprilKwibukaA national period of remembrance beginning on 7 April honours the victims of the 1994 genocide; visitors should be respectful during commemorations.
- JulyLiberation Day (Kwibohora)On 4 July Rwanda marks the end of the genocide with celebrations and events.
- AugustUmuganuraA national harvest festival celebrating agriculture, culture and community with traditional food and dance.
- Usually SeptemberKwita IzinaA ceremony in which newborn mountain gorillas are given names, celebrating conservation.
How many days in Rwanda?
Day 1: Kigali and the Genocide Memorial. Day 2-3: drive to Musanze and trek to the gorillas in Volcanoes National Park, with golden monkeys the next day. Day 4: relax at Lake Kivu in Gisenyi. Day 5: return to Kigali.
Day 1-2: Kigali. Day 3-4: Akagera National Park safari. Day 5-6: Volcanoes National Park. Day 7: the Lake Kivu shore. Day 8-9: Nyungwe for chimps and the canopy walk. Day 10: back to Kigali via Huye.
Backpacker budget: about $40–70 a day
- Gorilla permits are very expensive – if budget is tight, consider golden monkey treks or other primate experiences instead.
- Comfortable public buses connect Kigali with most towns at low fares and run on fixed schedules.
- Moto-taxis are a cheap way around Kigali – riders are required to provide a helmet.
- Eat at local buffets where you pay for one plate piled with beans, plantain, rice and vegetables.
- Kigali has several budget guesthouses and hostels; Musanze and Gisenyi also have affordable options.
Stay safe
- Rwanda is considered one of the safest countries in Africa, with low crime.
- Check your government's latest travel advice, especially for areas near the border with the DRC.
- Respect local laws strictly – plastic bags are banned and littering is frowned upon.
- Take medical advice on malaria and yellow fever before your trip.
Money
- The currency is the Rwandan franc; US dollars are widely accepted for park fees and tours.
- Cards and mobile payments work in many places in Kigali, but carry cash in rural areas.
- Tipping is appreciated for guides, trackers, porters and drivers.
Emergency: 112
Kigali International Airport is the main gateway, with flights across Africa and to Europe and the Middle East; buses link Rwanda with Uganda and Tanzania.
✈️ Cheap flights to Rwanda: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- On the last Saturday of each month, Rwandans take part in umuganda, a morning of community service.
- Rwanda's parliament has one of the highest shares of women of any country in the world.
- Mountain gorillas live only in the Virunga volcanoes and Uganda's Bwindi forest.
- Rwanda banned plastic bags nationwide in 2008.
- Kinyarwanda is spoken by almost the entire population, alongside English, French and Swahili as official languages.
Rwanda travel questions
Is Rwanda safe for tourists?
Rwanda is one of the safest countries in Africa for travellers, with low crime and orderly cities. Check your government's advice about border areas before you go.
What is the best time to visit Rwanda?
June to September and December to February are the dry seasons and best for gorilla trekking and safaris. The rainy months are quieter and greener but trails are muddy.
How many days do you need in Rwanda?
Four to five days covers Kigali and a gorilla trek. Ten days lets you add Akagera, Nyungwe and Lake Kivu.
Do I need a visa for Rwanda?
Entry rules depend on your passport. Check the official Rwandan government site or embassy before you travel.
How fit do you need to be for gorilla trekking?
A moderate level of fitness is helpful, as treks can last from one to several hours on steep, muddy slopes. Porters can be hired to carry bags and help on tricky sections.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Good paved roads link the main towns, with frequent express buses and moto-taxis. Many visitors hire a car with a driver.
- Kibeho Sanctuary – Catholic shrine of Our Lady of Kibeho, a major pilgrimage place
- Plastic bags are banned – do not bring them
- Many people join community clean-up (Umuganda) on the last Saturday morning of the month
- Greet politely and speak calmly
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