The story of Chad
Chad holds some of humanity's deepest history. In the Djurab Desert, scientists found the skull nicknamed Toumaï, among the oldest known members of the human family, and the rock walls of the Ennedi and Tibesti mountains are covered with thousands of years of paintings of cattle, giraffes and hunters. These images record a time when the Sahara was green and Lake Chad was a vast inland sea.
Around the lake rose powerful states. The Kanem Empire emerged before the 10th century, adopted Islam, and controlled trans-Saharan caravan routes carrying salt, horses and goods between North Africa and the Sahel. Its successor, Kanem-Bornu, remained a major power for centuries, while further east the kingdoms of Baguirmi and Ouaddaï grew strong from trade and cavalry. This mixing of Saharan, Arab and Central African peoples created the remarkable diversity of more than a hundred ethnic groups and languages found today.
Read the full history
France conquered the region around 1900 and made it part of French Equatorial Africa. During the Second World War, Chad was the first French colony to rally to Free France, giving it a notable place in that story. Chad gained independence in 1960, and the decades since have seen long periods of instability, conflict and changes of government, alongside the discovery and export of oil.
For adventurous travellers, Chad offers some of Africa's most spectacular and least-visited landscapes: the sandstone arches and canyons of Ennedi, the volcanic peaks of Tibesti, the Ounianga lakes in the desert and the revitalised wildlife of Zakouma National Park. Travel conditions are challenging and many areas are considered unsafe, so visits are best arranged with specialist operators after checking official travel advice.
Timeline
- c. 7 million years agoToumaï lived in what is now the Djurab Desert
- c. 9th centuryKanem Empire rises north of Lake Chad
- c. 1380sKanem rulers move to Bornu, forming Kanem-Bornu
- 1900Battle of Kousséri opens the way to French rule
- 1940Chad rallies to Free France
- 1960Independence from France
- 2003Chad begins exporting oil
- 2016Ennedi Massif listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of Chad (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Chad appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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Things to do in Chad
- Explore the Ennedi MassifDrive through a maze of sandstone arches, pillars and canyons that look like an open-air sculpture park.
- See camels at Guelta d'ArcheiWatch herds of camels gather to drink at a deep canyon pool hidden among towering cliffs.
- Go on safari in ZakoumaSpot huge buffalo herds, elephants and lions in one of Central Africa's great conservation success stories.
- Marvel at the Ounianga lakesFind a chain of blue, green and red lakes fed by ancient groundwater in the middle of the Sahara.
- Discover ancient rock artStudy paintings of cattle and wild animals left by Saharan herders thousands of years ago.
- Browse N'Djamena's Grand MarketWander stalls of spices, fabrics and crafts in the capital's busiest bazaar.
- Visit the Chad National MuseumLearn about Toumaï and the country's many cultures in N'Djamena.
- Watch a Saharan sunsetCamp under vast skies in the desert north for unforgettable stars.
- Taste boule and sauceTry Chad's staple millet porridge served with okra or peanut sauce.
- Meet nomadic herdersWith a guide, learn about the camel and cattle-herding traditions of the Sahel.
Where to go in Chad
- 📍Ennedi MassifNortheast · desert & rock artA UNESCO-listed sandstone plateau of natural arches, canyons and prehistoric art.
- Zakouma National ParkSoutheast · wildlifeA well-managed park famous for big herds, elephants and birdlife in the dry season.
- Lakes of OuniangaNorth · Sahara lakesA UNESCO-listed group of desert lakes with striking colours.
- Tibesti MountainsFar north · volcanoesThe Sahara's highest mountains, with huge craters and hot springs, in a very remote area.
- N'DjamenaCapital · cityA riverside capital with markets, a national museum and the meeting of the Chari and Logone rivers.
- Guelta d'ArcheiEnnedi · oasisA dramatic canyon water hole where camels gather each day.
- 📍Lake ChadWest · lakeA historic lake whose size has shrunk dramatically, surrounded by fishing and herding communities.
- Explore the rock arches of the Ennedi
- See elephants and buffalo in Zakouma
- Swim in the desert lakes of Ounianga
- Watch camel herds at Guelta d'Archei
- Boule – millet or sorghum dough served with sauce
- Daraba – okra and vegetable stew
- Kissar – thin sorghum pancakes
- Grilled fish – fresh from the Chari and Logone rivers
Best time to visit Chad
Chad ranges from Saharan desert in the north to tropical savanna in the south. The south has a rainy season in summer, while the north stays almost completely dry year-round.
Typical daytime highs and rain in N'Djamena (approximate averages).
- August 11Independence DayNational celebrations with parades mark Chad's independence from France.
- Varies (Islamic calendar)Eid al-FitrCommunities celebrate the end of Ramadan with prayers, feasts and visits.
- Varies (Islamic calendar)Eid al-Adha (Tabaski)Families share meals at the Feast of Sacrifice.
- After the rainy seasonGerewol-style nomad gatheringsSome Wodaabe herders hold courtship gatherings with elaborate face paint and dance.
How many days in Chad?
Day 1 N'Djamena's market and museum. Day 2-6 fly or drive to Zakouma National Park for game drives and birdwatching. Day 7 return to the capital.
Day 1-2 N'Djamena, then Day 3-12 a fully supported 4x4 expedition through the Ennedi Massif, Guelta d'Archei and the Ounianga lakes. Day 13-14 return to the capital – only with specialist operators and current official approval.
Backpacker budget: about $60–100 a day
- Chad is not a budget or independent travel destination; desert regions require organised expeditions with permits.
- Most travellers arrange travel through specialist tour operators who handle logistics and paperwork.
- Shared taxis run between some towns in the south, but road conditions are rough.
- Learn some French or Chadian Arabic – English is rarely spoken.
- Local eateries serving grilled meat, boule and tea are inexpensive.
Stay safe
- Many governments advise against travel to large parts of Chad, including border regions – check your government's latest travel advice before planning a trip.
- Desert travel requires experienced guides, permits and fully equipped vehicles.
- Photography often needs a permit; avoid photographing officials, military sites and people without permission.
- Healthcare is very limited – get vaccinations, carry a medical kit and have comprehensive insurance.
Money
- The currency is the Central African CFA franc.
- Chad is largely cash-based; ATMs are scarce outside N'Djamena and cards are rarely accepted.
- Bring euros to exchange and tip guides, drivers and cooks on expeditions.
Emergency: 17 police · 18 fire
N'Djamena International Airport is the main entry point, with connections via Paris, Addis Ababa, Istanbul and regional hubs. Land borders exist but are often closed or unsafe.
✈️ Cheap flights to Chad: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- Toumaï, found in Chad, is one of the oldest known hominin fossils.
- Lake Chad has shrunk to a fraction of its 1960s size.
- Emi Koussi in the Tibesti is the highest point in the Sahara.
- Chad has more than 100 languages, with French and Arabic as official languages.
- The Bodélé Depression in Chad is one of the dustiest places on Earth, and its dust helps fertilise the Amazon.
Chad travel questions
Is Chad safe for tourists?
Chad is considered a high-risk destination and many governments advise against travel to large areas of the country. Visits are best made with specialist operators. Always check your government's latest travel advice first.
Do I need a visa for Chad?
It depends on your passport. Check the official government site or embassy before you travel, as additional permits are often needed for travel outside the capital.
What is the best time to visit Chad?
November to February is the most comfortable time, with cooler, dry weather. This is also the main season for desert expeditions and wildlife viewing.
What language is spoken in Chad?
French and Arabic are the official languages, and Chadian Arabic is widely used as a common language. Dozens of local languages are also spoken.
What is there to see in Chad?
Highlights include the Ennedi Massif, the Ounianga lakes and Zakouma National Park. They are remote and require careful planning.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Long distances and few paved roads mean desert trips are done by 4x4 with experienced operators. Charter flights serve Zakouma.
- Grand Mosque of N'Djamena – The King Faisal Mosque, the city's main place of worship
- Dress modestly, covering arms and legs
- Ask before taking photographs
- Use your right hand for eating and greeting
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