The story of Pakistan
Pakistan is home to some of the world's oldest civilisations. Around 2500 BC, the Indus Valley Civilisation built planned cities such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, with grid streets, drainage systems and granaries far ahead of their time. Later, the region of Gandhara in the north-west became a crossroads of cultures; after Alexander the Great passed through, Buddhist kingdoms flourished there, and Taxila became a famous centre of learning and Greco-Buddhist art.
Islam arrived in Sindh in 711 with Arab forces, and over the following centuries Turkic and Afghan dynasties brought much of the region into the Islamic world. Sufi saints such as Data Ganj Bakhsh in Lahore and Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sehwan became deeply loved, and their shrines remain places of music and devotion. Under the Mughal Empire, Lahore blossomed with gardens, forts and mosques, including the Badshahi Mosque and the Shalimar Gardens. In the early nineteenth century, the Sikh Empire of Ranjit Singh ruled from Lahore.
Read the full history
The British gradually took control of the region in the nineteenth century, and it became part of British India. In the twentieth century, the All-India Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, campaigned for a separate homeland for Muslims, inspired in part by the poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal. When British India was partitioned in 1947, Pakistan was created, accompanied by mass migration. East Pakistan became the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971, and Islamabad was built as a new planned capital in the 1960s.
Modern Pakistan is a country of more than two hundred million people with vibrant cities and spectacular landscapes. For travellers, it offers extraordinary variety: the Mughal monuments of Lahore, the ruins of Mohenjo-daro and Taxila, the colourful chaos of Karachi, and in the north, some of the highest mountains on Earth along the Karakoram Highway, where the famous hospitality of the people often becomes the highlight of the journey.
Timeline
- c. 2500 BCIndus Valley cities such as Mohenjo-daro flourish
- c. 326 BCAlexander the Great reaches the Indus region
- 711Muhammad bin Qasim brings Islam to Sindh
- 1526The Mughal Empire is founded
- 1799Ranjit Singh takes Lahore, founding the Sikh Empire
- 1947Pakistan is created at the partition of British India
- 1971East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh
- 1978The Karakoram Highway is completed
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
- Commonwealth – Commonwealth member.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of Pakistan (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Pakistan appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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RIYADH: Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Turkiye on Monday agreed to immediately implement collective-defense commitments under the previously agreed Makkah Defense Alliance, including the swift deployment of agreed forces and other…
#Saudi Arabia#Pakistan#Pilgrimage & Spiritual
Things to do in Pakistan
- Drive the Karakoram HighwayTravel one of the world's most spectacular roads through the Hunza Valley towards the Chinese border.
- Explore Lahore's Walled CityWander bazaars, havelis and the Lahore Fort before the Badshahi Mosque at sunset.
- Watch the Wagah border ceremonyJoin cheering crowds for the theatrical flag-lowering ceremony on the border with India.
- Trek to Fairy MeadowsHike to alpine meadows facing the huge north face of Nanga Parbat.
- Visit Mohenjo-daroWalk the streets of a 4,500-year-old city of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
- Stay in the Hunza ValleyAdmire apricot orchards, glaciers and ancient forts at Baltit and Altit.
- Experience Sufi qawwaliListen to devotional music at a shrine on a Thursday evening.
- See Shah Faisal MosqueVisit Islamabad's striking modern mosque at the foot of the Margalla Hills.
- Explore TaxilaDiscover Buddhist monasteries, stupas and Gandhara sculptures near Islamabad.
- Feast on Pakistani foodTry nihari, biryani, karahi and chapli kebabs, finished with sweet chai.
Convoy of trucks, buses and cars carrying over 5,000 people departs Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for Islamabad after talks with federal government to postpone march collapse
Officials from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey will convene in Riyadh for a crucial meeting regarding their recently established joint defense pact amidst escalating tensions with the Houthis in Yemen.
Where to go in Pakistan
- LahorePunjab · Mughal heritagePakistan's cultural capital, with grand Mughal monuments, food streets and lively bazaars.
- Hunza ValleyGilgit-Baltistan · mountainsDramatic peaks, glaciers, historic forts and friendly villages along the Karakoram Highway.
- IslamabadCapital · modern cityA green, planned capital with the Faisal Mosque and hiking trails in the Margalla Hills.
- SkarduGilgit-Baltistan · lakes & treksThe gateway to K2 and Baltoro treks, with nearby lakes and desert dunes.
- Fairy MeadowsGilgit-Baltistan · alpine meadowsLush meadows with spectacular views of Nanga Parbat.
- Mohenjo-daroSindh · ancient ruinsA UNESCO-listed Bronze Age city and one of the world's earliest urban centres.
- 📍KarachiSindh · coastal cityPakistan's largest city, a buzzing port with colonial buildings, beaches and great food.
- 📍Swat ValleyKhyber Pakhtunkhwa · valleysGreen valleys, rivers and Buddhist ruins, sometimes called the Switzerland of Pakistan.
- Drive the Karakoram Highway through Hunza
- Watch the flag ceremony at the Wagah border near Lahore
- Eat your way through Lahore's food streets
- Trek to Fairy Meadows for views of Nanga Parbat
- Biryani – fragrant spiced rice with meat
- Nihari – slow-cooked beef stew eaten for breakfast
- Chapli kebab – flat, spicy minced-meat patty
- Lassi – cool yogurt drink, sweet or salty
Best time to visit Pakistan
Pakistan's climate ranges from scorching summers on the Indus plains to cold, snowy winters in the mountains. The monsoon brings heavy rain to parts of the east in July and August.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Lahore (approximate averages).
- February (when permitted)BasantLahore's traditional spring kite festival, held only when local authorities allow it.
- JulyShandur Polo FestivalPolo matches played on one of the world's highest polo grounds between Gilgit and Chitral teams.
- Dates vary (lunar calendar)Urs of Lal Shahbaz QalandarHuge crowds gather in Sehwan for music, dhamaal dancing and devotion.
- Dates vary (lunar calendar)Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-AdhaThe biggest religious holidays, celebrated with prayers, food and family.
- 14 AugustIndependence DayGreen-and-white flags, fireworks and celebrations across the country.
How many days in Pakistan?
Day 1-3: explore Lahore's Walled City, Lahore Fort, Badshahi Mosque, the Wagah ceremony and food streets. Day 4-5: travel to Islamabad for the Faisal Mosque, Margalla Hills and a day trip to Taxila.
Day 1-2: Islamabad and Taxila. Day 3-4: travel north along the Karakoram Highway towards Gilgit. Day 5-8: base in Hunza for forts, glaciers and the Khunjerab Pass. Day 9-10: Fairy Meadows or Skardu. Day 11-12: return to Islamabad by road or flight.
Backpacker budget: about $20–35 a day
- Air-conditioned intercity coach companies offer reliable, inexpensive travel between major cities.
- Northern guesthouses in Hunza and Skardu are welcoming and good value, especially outside peak domestic holidays.
- Eat at local dhabas and street stalls for delicious, very cheap meals of daal, roti and kebabs.
- Domestic flights to Gilgit and Skardu are scenic but often cancelled due to weather, so build in flexible days.
- Ride-hailing apps work well in big cities and save you from haggling with taxi drivers.
Stay safe
- Check your government's latest travel advice, as some regions, particularly near the Afghan border and parts of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, are advised against.
- Foreigners may need permits or police escorts in certain areas; follow local instructions.
- Dress modestly and be respectful at religious sites; women should carry a scarf.
- Roads in the mountains can be affected by landslides, so travel with experienced drivers and allow extra time.
Money
- The currency is the Pakistani rupee (PKR); ATMs are common in cities but rare in remote mountain areas.
- Pakistan is largely a cash economy, so carry enough rupees when travelling north.
- Tipping is customary for guides, drivers and porters, and around 10% in sit-down restaurants.
Emergency: 15 police · 1122 rescue & ambulance · 16 fire
The main international airports are in Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi, with connections through the Gulf and Turkey. The Wagah–Attari border with India and the Khunjerab Pass with China are notable land crossings, subject to opening rules.
✈️ Cheap flights to Pakistan: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- K2, the second-highest mountain in the world, lies on Pakistan's border with China.
- Pakistan has five of the world's fourteen peaks above 8,000 metres.
- The Khunjerab Pass is one of the highest paved international border crossings in the world.
- Mohenjo-daro had an advanced drainage system more than four thousand years ago.
- Pakistan's national language is Urdu, but dozens of regional languages are spoken.
Pakistan travel questions
Is Pakistan safe for tourists?
Many travellers visit the main cities and the northern mountains without problems, and hospitality is legendary. Some border areas are dangerous, so check your government's latest travel advice and follow local guidance.
When is the best time to visit Pakistan?
October to March is best for the cities and plains, while May to October is ideal for the northern mountains.
How many days do you need in Pakistan?
Five days lets you see Lahore and Islamabad. Allow ten to fourteen days to experience the Karakoram Highway and Hunza.
Do I need a visa for Pakistan?
It depends on your passport – check the official government site or a Pakistani embassy before you travel.
What languages are spoken in Pakistan?
Urdu and English are official languages, and English is widely understood in cities and tourism. Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi and many other languages are spoken regionally.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Domestic flights and comfortable intercity coaches link major cities. In the north, travelers use shared vans, hired cars with drivers or flights to Skardu and Gilgit.
- Badshahi Mosque – Huge red sandstone Mughal mosque in Lahore, built in the 1670s
- Faisal Mosque – Striking modern mosque in Islamabad, one of the largest in the world
- Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur – Sikh shrine where Guru Nanak spent his final years
- Dress modestly; loose clothing covering arms and legs is best
- Use your right hand for eating and passing things
- Remove shoes and cover your head when entering mosques and shrines
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