The story of Papua New Guinea
People reached New Guinea at least 50,000 years ago, when lower sea levels joined it to Australia. In the highland valleys they became some of the world's earliest farmers: at Kuk Swamp, now a World Heritage Site, drainage ditches show that people were cultivating plants such as taro and bananas thousands of years ago. Around 3,500 years ago Austronesian-speaking seafarers, associated with distinctive Lapita pottery, settled the coasts and islands, adding to an extraordinary patchwork of cultures that today speaks more than 800 languages.
Portuguese and Spanish navigators sighted the island in the 16th century, but outsiders long stayed on the coasts. In 1884 the eastern half of New Guinea was divided between Germany in the north and Britain in the south. Australia took over British New Guinea, renamed Papua, in 1906, and after the First World War it also administered German New Guinea under a League of Nations mandate. In the 1930s gold prospectors and patrols entered the populous Highlands, encountering communities who had never met outsiders.
Read the full history
During the Second World War the territory became a major battleground between Japanese and Allied forces, including the gruelling campaign along the Kokoda Track in 1942, in which local carriers played a vital role. After the war Australia administered Papua and New Guinea together, moving them towards self-rule. Papua New Guinea became independent on 16 September 1975 as a parliamentary democracy within the Commonwealth. The nation later went through a long conflict on Bougainville, which ended with a peace agreement in 2001 and an autonomous government there.
For travellers, PNG offers one of the most culturally diverse experiences on Earth: elaborate highland sing-sings, spirit houses along the Sepik River, mask festivals in New Britain, historic war trails, and coral reefs ranked among the richest in the world. It rewards those who travel with careful planning and local guides.
Timeline
- c. 50,000 BCPeople first reach New Guinea
- c. 7000 BCAgriculture develops at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands
- c. 1500 BCAustronesian Lapita seafarers settle the coasts and islands
- 1884Germany and Britain divide eastern New Guinea
- 1906Australia takes over the administration of Papua
- 1942The Kokoda Track campaign is fought
- 1975Independence on 16 September
- 2001The Bougainville Peace Agreement is signed
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
- Commonwealth – Commonwealth member.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of Papua New Guinea (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Papua New Guinea appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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Things to do in Papua New Guinea
- Attend a highland showWatch hundreds of groups in feathers, shells and body paint perform at the Goroka or Mount Hagen show.
- Cruise the Sepik RiverTravel by canoe to villages with towering spirit houses and intricate carvings.
- Trek the Kokoda TrackFollow the historic wartime trail through rugged jungle mountains with local guides.
- Dive Kimbe BayExplore some of the most biodiverse coral reefs on the planet off New Britain.
- See Rabaul's volcanoesVisit a town rebuilt in the shadow of active volcanoes and explore wartime tunnels.
- Watch birds of paradiseHead into highland forests at dawn to see spectacular courtship displays.
- Relax in Tufi's fjordsSnorkel and kayak among rainforest-clad volcanic fjords on the north coast.
- Join the Hiri MoaleWatch traditional lakatoi sailing canoes and celebrations in Port Moresby.
- Visit the Trobriand IslandsExperience traditional island life and the famous yam harvest customs.
- Taste a mumu feastShare pork, sweet potato and greens cooked in a traditional earth oven.
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Where to go in Papua New Guinea
- 📍Port MoresbySouthern coast · capitalThe capital, with the National Museum, Parliament House and nearby Varirata National Park.
- 📍GorokaEastern Highlands · cultureA cool highland town famous for its cultural show and the Asaro mudmen.
- Mount HagenWestern Highlands · cultureA highland hub with an annual show and gateway to forest lodges.
- Sepik RiverNorth · river cultureOne of the world's great rivers, lined with villages known for art and spirit houses.
- Kokoda TrackOwen Stanley Range · trekkingA demanding multi-day trek through mountains steeped in wartime history.
- 📍Rabaul & KokopoEast New Britain · volcanoesVolcanic landscapes, hot springs, WWII relics and mask festivals.
- 📍Kimbe BayWest New Britain · divingSpectacular coral reefs and marine life for divers and snorkellers.
- 📍Alotau & Milne BayEastern tip · islandsA gateway to beautiful islands, reefs and canoe festivals.
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- Attend a highland sing-sing festival
- Trek the Kokoda Track
- Take a canoe trip on the Sepik River
- Dive reefs and WWII wrecks in Madang or Kimbe Bay
- Mumu – pork, sweet potato and greens cooked in an earth oven
- Kaukau – sweet potato, the highland staple
- Sago – starch from the sago palm, staple along the Sepik
- Coconut fish – fish cooked in coconut milk
Best time to visit Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea is hot and humid on the coast and noticeably cooler in the Highlands. Rainfall varies greatly by region, with some areas wet all year and Port Moresby relatively dry.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Port Moresby (approximate averages).
- SeptemberGoroka ShowOne of the biggest cultural gatherings in the Pacific, timed around Independence Day.
- AugustMount Hagen Cultural ShowHighland tribes gather in elaborate costume for performances and competitions.
- JulyNational Mask FestivalHeld in East New Britain, featuring masked dancers and fire dances.
- SeptemberHiri Moale FestivalCelebrates the traditional Hiri trading voyages with canoe races and a beauty pageant.
- NovemberKenu and Kundu FestivalWar canoes and drum performances in Alotau, Milne Bay.
How many days in Papua New Guinea?
Days 1-2 in Port Moresby. Days 3-5 fly to the Highlands to visit villages around Goroka or Mount Hagen. Days 6-7 visit Rabaul or Tufi for volcanoes or fjords.
Days 1-2 Port Moresby, Days 3-6 the Highlands (ideally during a show), and Days 7-10 a guided Sepik River trip. Finish with Days 11-14 diving in Kimbe Bay or relaxing in Milne Bay.
Backpacker budget: about $70–110 a day
- PNG is expensive and logistically challenging; most travel is by domestic flight, as roads don't connect many regions.
- Use local guides and pre-arranged transport, especially in cities and the Highlands.
- PMVs (public motor vehicles) are cheap but not recommended for visitors in many areas.
- Village guesthouses and community lodges offer authentic stays at lower cost.
- Buy fresh produce at local markets, but be aware that many goods are imported and pricey.
Stay safe
- Crime is a serious problem in Port Moresby, Lae and Mount Hagen; avoid walking alone and travel with trusted local contacts.
- Tribal fighting can flare up in parts of the Highlands; check your government's latest travel advice and local conditions.
- Use reputable tour operators for treks such as Kokoda and for remote areas.
- Malaria is present in most areas; seek medical advice before travel.
Money
- The currency is the kina; cash is essential outside major hotels and businesses.
- ATMs are available in main towns but may run out of cash, so plan ahead.
- Tipping is not customary in PNG.
Emergency: 112 police · 111 ambulance · 110 fire
Jacksons International Airport in Port Moresby is the main gateway, with flights from Australia, Asia and the Pacific. There are no tourist-friendly land borders, and onward travel within PNG is mainly by air.
✈️ Cheap flights to Papua New Guinea: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- Papua New Guinea has more than 800 languages, more than any other country.
- Some of the earliest evidence of agriculture in the world has been found at Kuk Swamp.
- PNG's birds of paradise are famous for their elaborate plumage and dances.
- The national language Tok Pisin is a creole that combines English, German and local languages.
- Mount Wilhelm, the highest peak, can see frost even though PNG is near the equator.
Papua New Guinea travel questions
Is Papua New Guinea safe for tourists?
PNG has serious crime problems in some cities and occasional tribal conflict in the Highlands. Most visitors travel safely by using reputable guides and tour operators; check your government's latest travel advice before booking.
What is the best time to visit Papua New Guinea?
May to October is generally drier, and August and September host the major Highland shows. Rainfall varies widely by region.
How many days do you need in Papua New Guinea?
A week covers the Highlands and one coastal area. Two weeks or more allows for a Sepik River trip, diving or a Kokoda trek.
What language is spoken in Papua New Guinea?
Tok Pisin, English and Hiri Motu are the official languages, with more than 800 local languages spoken.
Do I need a visa for Papua New Guinea?
It depends on your passport. Check the official Papua New Guinea government website or your nearest embassy before you travel.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Few roads connect the regions, so domestic flights are the main way to travel. Use trusted local guides and pre-arranged transport.
- Dress modestly, covering shoulders and knees
- Ask permission before taking photos of people or villages
- Land is owned by clans – get permission before entering
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