The story of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico was first settled by peoples from South America thousands of years ago. By the time Europeans arrived, the island was home to the Taíno, who called it Borikén. They lived in villages led by caciques, farmed cassava and played a ceremonial ball game in stone-lined plazas, which can still be seen at sites such as Caguana and Tibes. The word 'Boricua', used proudly by Puerto Ricans today, comes from that Taíno name.
Christopher Columbus arrived in 1493, and Spain soon colonised the island under Juan Ponce de León. The Taíno population declined sharply through forced labour and disease, and enslaved Africans were brought to work in gold mines and sugar plantations. San Juan, with its strategic harbour, became one of Spain's most important military outposts in the Caribbean, guarded by the massive fortresses of El Morro and San Cristóbal, which repelled English and Dutch attacks.
Read the full history
Throughout the nineteenth century, a distinct Puerto Rican identity emerged, and the Grito de Lares uprising in 1868 called for independence. Slavery was abolished in 1873. After the Spanish-American War in 1898, the island became a territory of the United States, and in 1917 Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship. In 1952 it became a commonwealth with its own constitution, and the island's political status continues to be debated today.
Modern Puerto Rico blends Taíno, African and Spanish roots with American influences, creating a vibrant culture known for salsa, reggaeton, bomba and plena. For visitors, it offers cobbled Old San Juan with its UNESCO-listed forts, the El Yunque rainforest, glowing bioluminescent bays and the beaches of Vieques and Culebra, all wrapped in a warm and proud island culture.
Timeline
- c. 1000 ADTaíno culture flourishes on Borikén
- 1493Columbus arrives on the island
- 1508Juan Ponce de León begins Spanish colonisation
- 1539Construction of El Morro fortress begins
- 1868Grito de Lares independence uprising
- 1898Puerto Rico becomes a US territory
- 1917Puerto Ricans granted US citizenship
- 1952Commonwealth status and constitution adopted
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of the United States (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Puerto Rico appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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Things to do in Puerto Rico
- Wander Old San JuanStroll blue cobblestone streets lined with pastel colonial houses, plazas and cafés.
- Explore El MorroClimb the ramparts of a sixteenth-century Spanish fortress overlooking the Atlantic.
- Hike in El YunqueWalk to waterfalls in the only tropical rainforest in the US national forest system.
- Kayak a bioluminescent bayPaddle at night through water that glows with every stroke at Mosquito Bay or Laguna Grande.
- Relax on Flamenco BeachTake a ferry or small plane to Culebra for one of the Caribbean's most beautiful beaches.
- Dance salsa in San JuanJoin locals on the dance floor for live salsa and bomba in the old city.
- Taste mofongo and lechónEat garlicky mashed plantain and roast pork from the famous lechoneras of Guavate.
- Tour a coffee haciendaVisit the cool central mountains to learn about the island's coffee-growing heritage.
- Explore Río Camuy CavesDiscover one of the largest cave systems in the world, carved by an underground river.
- Surf in RincónCatch winter waves on the west coast and watch the sunset from the surf town's beaches.
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Where to go in Puerto Rico
- Old San JuanSan Juan · colonial historyA UNESCO-listed historic district of forts, plazas and colourful streets.
- 📍El Yunque National ForestNortheast · rainforestLush mountains, waterfalls and the chirping coquí frog.
- 📍ViequesIsland · beaches & bio bayWild beaches, roaming horses and Mosquito Bay, one of the brightest bioluminescent bays in the world.
- 📍CulebraIsland · beachesA laid-back island famous for Flamenco Beach and excellent snorkelling.
- RincónWest coast · surfingA relaxed surf town with sunsets and seasonal whale watching.
- PonceSouth coast · cultureThe 'Pearl of the South', with an art museum, a colourful firehouse and grand plazas.
- 📍Cabo RojoSouthwest · cliffs & salt flatsDramatic limestone cliffs, a historic lighthouse and pink-tinged salt flats.
- 📍FajardoEast coast · boats & bio bayThe jumping-off point for Laguna Grande and catamaran trips to offshore islands.
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Inside the dreamy stay with ocean views and pool access.
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- Kayak a bioluminescent bay at night
- Explore El Morro fortress
- Hike in El Yunque
- Try a piña colada where it was created
Plus, Choice Hotels launched a new points-sharing feature, allowing loyalty members to share points “seamlessly and for free.”
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- Mofongo – mashed fried plantain with garlic
- Lechón – slow-roasted pork
- Arroz con gandules – rice with pigeon peas
- Alcapurrias – fried fritters filled with meat
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Best time to visit Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico is warm and tropical year-round, with highs around 28-32°C on the coast. The central mountains are cooler and wetter, while the southwest is the driest part of the island.
Typical daytime highs and rain in San Juan (approximate averages).
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- JanuaryFiestas de la Calle San SebastiánOld San Juan's huge street festival of music, dancing and parades closes the long holiday season.
- FebruaryPonce CarnivalA famous carnival with vejigante masked characters and colourful parades.
- JulyLoíza Festival of Santiago ApóstolA celebration of Afro-Puerto Rican heritage with bomba music and vejigante masks.
- Usually February–MarchCasals FestivalA classical music festival in San Juan founded in honour of cellist Pablo Casals, whose mother was Puerto Rican.
- November–JanuaryChristmas seasonOne of the world's longest Christmas seasons, with parrandas (musical carolling) and Three Kings' Day on 6 January.
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How many days in Puerto Rico?
Day 1-2: explore Old San Juan, El Morro and San Cristóbal, and enjoy the nightlife. Day 3: hike El Yunque and relax at Luquillo Beach. Day 4: Fajardo and the bioluminescent lagoon at night. Day 5: a beach day or a trip to Guavate for lechón.
Day 1-3: San Juan and El Yunque. Day 4-5: Vieques or Culebra for beaches and bio bay. Day 6: Ponce. Day 7-8: Cabo Rojo and the southwest. Day 9: Rincón for surfing and sunset. Day 10: Río Camuy Caves on the way back to San Juan.
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Backpacker budget: about $60–90 a day
- Public transport is limited outside San Juan, so renting a car is often the most practical way to explore the island.
- In San Juan, the city buses and the Tren Urbano are cheap, and ride-hailing apps are widely used.
- Ferries from Ceiba to Vieques and Culebra are inexpensive but busy, so arrive early or book in advance.
- Eat at local kioskos (beach shacks) and lechoneras for cheap, delicious food.
- Hostels and guesthouses can be found in Old San Juan, Condado and Rincón.
Stay safe
- Puerto Rico is generally safe for tourists; use normal precautions at night and avoid poorly lit areas.
- Do not leave valuables in parked cars, especially at beaches and trailheads.
- Swim at beaches with lifeguards or calm conditions, as currents can be strong on the north coast.
- Follow official advice during hurricane season and check road conditions after heavy rain.
Money
- Puerto Rico uses the US dollar (USD), and ATMs are widely available.
- Credit and debit cards are accepted almost everywhere, but carry cash for kioskos and small vendors.
- Tipping follows US norms, around 15-20% in restaurants.
Emergency: 911 police, fire & ambulance
Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan is the main gateway, with flights from the United States, Latin America and Europe. San Juan is also a major cruise port, and ferries and small planes link to Vieques and Culebra.
✈️ Cheap flights to Puerto Rico: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- Puerto Rico has three of the world's few bioluminescent bays.
- El Yunque is the only tropical rainforest in the US National Forest System.
- The tiny coquí frog, named after its call, is a beloved national symbol.
- Puerto Ricans are US citizens but cannot vote in US presidential elections while living on the island.
- The piña colada is widely credited as being invented in San Juan.
Puerto Rico travel questions
Is Puerto Rico safe for tourists?
Yes, the main tourist areas are generally safe. Use normal precautions, especially at night, and keep valuables out of sight.
When is the best time to visit Puerto Rico?
December to April has the driest weather and is the busiest season. August to October is peak hurricane season.
How many days do you need in Puerto Rico?
Five days covers San Juan, El Yunque and a bio bay. A week to ten days lets you add Vieques or Culebra and the west coast.
Do I need a passport or visa for Puerto Rico?
Entry requirements depend on your passport and where you are travelling from, as Puerto Rico follows US entry rules – check the official government site before you travel.
What language is spoken in Puerto Rico?
Spanish and English are both official languages. Spanish is used day to day, but English is widely understood in tourist areas.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Renting a car is the easiest way to explore. Ferries and small planes link the main island to Vieques and Culebra.
- San Juan Cathedral – Historic cathedral holding the tomb of Ponce de León
- Monserrate Sanctuary, Hormigueros – Hilltop basilica and long-time pilgrimage site
- Greet with buenos días and a friendly handshake
- Spanish and English are both used
- Dress neatly when visiting churches
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