The story of Zambia
Zambia's story stretches deep into prehistory. The Broken Hill skull found at Kabwe is one of the most important early human fossils in Africa, and Stone Age hunter-gatherers left rock art across the country. From around the first millennium AD, Bantu-speaking farmers and ironworkers spread through the region, and over the following centuries powerful kingdoms emerged, including the Lozi of the upper Zambezi floodplain, the Bemba of the northeast and the Lunda of the Luapula valley, linked by long-distance trade in copper, ivory and salt.
In the nineteenth century Ngoni groups migrated north from southern Africa, Arab and Swahili traders pushed in from the east, and the Scottish missionary-explorer David Livingstone became the first European known to see the Victoria Falls, in 1855. By the 1890s the British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes had taken control of the territory, which was split into North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia before becoming the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia in 1924. The opening of vast copper mines on the Copperbelt made it one of the world's leading copper producers.
Read the full history
From 1953 Northern Rhodesia was bound into the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, which fuelled a strong independence movement. Led by Kenneth Kaunda, the country became independent as the Republic of Zambia in 1964, taking its name from the Zambezi River. Kaunda ruled for 27 years, latterly as a one-party state, while Zambia supported liberation movements across southern Africa. Multiparty democracy returned in 1991, and the country has since held a series of elections and peaceful transfers of power.
Today Zambia is known as one of Africa's most rewarding and least crowded safari destinations, the birthplace of the walking safari in South Luangwa. Visitors come for the thundering Victoria Falls, canoeing on the Zambezi, vast wetlands and wilderness parks, and the warm welcome of more than seventy ethnic groups whose traditional ceremonies are still celebrated each year.
Timeline
- c. 300,000 years agoBroken Hill (Kabwe) early human lives in the region
- c. 300 ADBantu-speaking farmers and ironworkers spread across the area
- 1855Livingstone reaches Victoria Falls
- 1924Northern Rhodesia becomes a British protectorate
- 1953Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland formed
- 1964Independence as Zambia under Kenneth Kaunda
- 1991Return to multiparty democracy
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
- Commonwealth – Commonwealth member.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of Zambia (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Zambia appears below as soon as publishers report it.
Zimbabwe Unites Malawi and More as Zambia Rail Revival Strengthens Regional Travel and Tourism Access Zambia rail revival strengthens tourism access from Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania and South Africa through better regional travel…
#Zimbabwe#Malawi
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#Zambia#Visas & Entry RulesThings to do in Zambia
- Victoria FallsGet drenched by spray on the rainforest trail as the Zambezi plunges into a narrow gorge with a deafening roar.
- Walking safari in South LuangwaTrack lions, leopards and elephants on foot with an expert guide in the park that pioneered walking safaris.
- Devil's PoolIn low water, swim to a natural rock pool right on the lip of Victoria Falls on a guided trip.
- Canoe the Lower ZambeziPaddle past hippos and elephants drinking at the river's edge beneath the escarpment.
- Raft the ZambeziTackle some of the world's most famous big-water rapids in the gorges below the falls.
- Bat migration at KasankaWatch millions of straw-coloured fruit bats fill the dusk sky in one of Africa's great wildlife spectacles.
- Liuwa Plain wildebeestSee vast herds of wildebeest and hunting hyenas on remote grasslands in the far west.
- Kuomboka ceremonyWitness the Lozi king's royal barge move to higher ground as the Zambezi floods.
- Taste nshimaEat the beloved maize staple with your hands alongside relishes of greens, beans or kapenta fish.
- Lake Kariba sunsetsRelax on a houseboat or lakeside lodge as the sun sinks behind drowned trees.
Where to go in Zambia
- 📍Livingstone & Victoria FallsSouth · falls & adventureZambia's adventure capital, with direct access to the falls, river cruises and adrenaline activities.
- South Luangwa National ParkEast · safariOne of Africa's finest parks for leopards and walking safaris along the Luangwa River.
- Lower Zambezi National ParkSoutheast · river safariCanoe, fish and spot wildlife on the Zambezi opposite Zimbabwe's Mana Pools.
- Kafue National ParkWest · wildernessA huge, little-visited park with the Busanga Plains and a wide variety of antelope.
- 📍Kasanka National ParkCentral · bat migrationA small park famous for its spectacular annual fruit bat migration.
- 📍Liuwa Plain National ParkWestern · grasslandsRemote plains hosting Africa's second-largest wildebeest migration.
- 📍Lake KaribaSouth · lakeA vast man-made lake on the Zimbabwe border, known for sunsets and tiger fishing.
- LusakaCapital · cityThe fast-growing capital with markets, galleries and a convenient base for onward travel.
- Go on a walking safari in South Luangwa
- Swim at Devil's Pool on the edge of Victoria Falls
- Canoe the Lower Zambezi
- See the falls by helicopter or microlight
- Nshima – maize porridge eaten with relishes
- Ifisashi – greens in peanut sauce
- Kapenta – small dried fish, fried with tomato and onion
- Bream – grilled fish from lakes and rivers
Best time to visit Zambia
Zambia has a warm subtropical climate shaped by altitude, with a dry, cool season from May to August, a hot dry spell in September-October and a rainy season from November to April. Valleys such as the Luangwa and Zambezi are noticeably hotter than the central plateau.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Lusaka (approximate averages).
- March-AprilKuombokaThe Lozi king travels by royal barge from the flooded plains to higher ground, accompanied by drums and paddlers.
- JulyLwiindi GondeA Tonga thanksgiving ceremony honouring ancestors and asking for good rains.
- FebruaryN'cwalaThe Ngoni celebrate the first fruits of the harvest with dance and ceremony near Chipata.
- OctoberIndependence DayZambia celebrates its 1964 independence on 24 October.
- AugustLikumbi Lya MizeA Luvale festival in the northwest known for its makishi masked dancers.
How many days in Zambia?
Day 1-2 explore Victoria Falls from Livingstone, with a sunset Zambezi cruise. Day 3 raft or visit Devil's Pool in season. Day 4-5 game drives in Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park or a short trip to Chobe in Botswana.
Day 1-4 fly to South Luangwa for walking safaris and night drives. Day 5-7 canoe and game-view in the Lower Zambezi. Day 8-10 finish in Livingstone at Victoria Falls.
Backpacker budget: about $35–60 a day
- Livingstone has the country's main cluster of backpacker hostels, with campsites and tours to the falls.
- Long-distance buses connect Lusaka with Livingstone, Chipata and the Copperbelt; book a reputable company and travel by day.
- Mfuwe village near South Luangwa has campsites and budget lodges where you can join game drives.
- Local eateries serving nshima with relish are the cheapest and most authentic meals.
- Consider a combined visa for Zambia and Zimbabwe if your passport is eligible – check the official rules before you travel.
Stay safe
- Zambia is generally peaceful and friendly, but petty theft occurs in cities – keep valuables hidden and avoid walking alone at night.
- Never approach wildlife on foot without a guide, and follow camp rules about walking after dark.
- Take malaria precautions seriously and seek medical advice before you go.
- Road travel at night is risky due to poor lighting and animals; check your government's latest travel advice.
Money
- The currency is the Zambian kwacha (ZMW); many safari lodges price in US dollars.
- ATMs are found in towns and cities but rare in rural areas and parks, so carry enough cash.
- Tipping safari guides and camp staff is customary, often via a shared tip box.
Emergency: 999 police · 991 ambulance · 993 fire
Kenneth Kaunda International Airport in Lusaka and Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula International Airport in Livingstone are the main gateways; land borders connect with Zimbabwe, Botswana, Tanzania, Malawi and others.
✈️ Cheap flights to Zambia: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- Victoria Falls is called Mosi-oa-Tunya locally, meaning 'the smoke that thunders'.
- Zambia is one of Africa's largest copper producers.
- South Luangwa National Park is widely credited as the birthplace of the walking safari.
- Lake Kariba, shared with Zimbabwe, is one of the largest man-made lakes in the world by volume.
- Zambia has more than seventy ethnic groups and many languages, with English as the official language.
Zambia travel questions
Is Zambia safe for tourists?
Zambia is considered one of the more stable and peaceful countries in southern Africa. Petty crime occurs in cities, so take normal precautions and check your government's latest travel advice.
When is the best time to visit Zambia?
June to October is the best time for safaris, as wildlife gathers around rivers. Victoria Falls is fullest around March to May, and lowest late in the dry season.
How many days do you need in Zambia?
Allow at least three days for Victoria Falls and a week to ten days to add a proper safari in South Luangwa or the Lower Zambezi.
Do I need a visa for Zambia?
It depends on your passport – check the official government site or a Zambian embassy before you travel.
Is Victoria Falls better from Zambia or Zimbabwe?
Zimbabwe offers the wider panoramic views of the falls, while Zambia gets you closer to the water and offers Devil's Pool in low season. Many travellers visit both sides.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Buses connect the main towns, while parks are reached by charter flights or 4x4 transfers, usually arranged through lodges.
- Greet people with a handshake and a few polite words
- Use both hands or your right hand to give and receive
- Dress modestly in towns
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