The story of Eswatini
People have lived in the hills of what is now Eswatini for an extraordinarily long time: the Ngwenya iron-ore mine, known as Lion's Cavern, is considered one of the oldest known mines in the world, worked for red ochre tens of thousands of years ago. Later, Bantu-speaking farmers settled the region, and in the 18th century Nguni clans led by Ngwane III moved into the area, founding the core of the Swazi nation.
In the early 19th century King Sobhuza I strengthened the kingdom amid the upheavals affecting southern Africa, and his son Mswati II expanded it into a powerful military state – the Swazi people take their name from him. During the late 1800s, Boer and British interests competed for land, mining and grazing concessions, many granted under pressure, which left much of the country in foreign hands.
Read the full history
After the Anglo-Boer War, Britain took control and Swaziland became a British High Commission territory. Under the long reign of King Sobhuza II, the nation worked to buy back land and preserve its traditions, and independence came on 6 September 1968. In 1973 the king suspended the constitution and political parties, centring power on the monarchy. Sobhuza II reigned for more than 80 years, among the longest reigns ever recorded, and was followed in 1986 by King Mswati III.
A new constitution was adopted in 2005, and in 2018 the king renamed the country Eswatini, meaning 'land of the Swazis'. It remains one of the world's last absolute monarchies, and its ceremonies are very much alive. Visitors are drawn to the colourful Umhlanga reed dance, handcraft markets in the Ezulwini Valley, and compact game reserves where rhino, elephant and lion can be seen, all within a small, friendly kingdom that is easy to explore by road.
Timeline
- c. 40,000+ BCOchre mined at Lion's Cavern, Ngwenya
- 1700sNgwane III leads Nguni clans into the region
- 1840sMswati II expands the kingdom, giving his name to the Swazi
- 1903British administration begins after the Anglo-Boer War
- 1968Independence on 6 September under King Sobhuza II
- 1986King Mswati III crowned
- 2005New constitution adopted
- 2018Country officially renamed Eswatini
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
- Commonwealth – Commonwealth member.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of Eswatini (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Eswatini appears below as soon as publishers report it.
There were no changes to the advisory level or risk indicators. Advisory summary was updated. Exercise increased caution in Eswatini due to crime and civil unrest . Advisory Summary Crime Crime is common in Eswatini. Sporadic…
#Eswatini#Visas & Entry RulesThings to do in Eswatini
- Track rhino at MkhayaJoin a guided drive or walk in this private reserve known for close encounters with black and white rhino.
- Cycle MlilwaneRide or walk among zebra, antelope and warthog in the country's oldest wildlife sanctuary.
- See lions at HlaneSpot lion, elephant and rhino in the lowveld of Hlane Royal National Park.
- Hike MalolotjaTrek past waterfalls, gorges and grassland in a highland reserve with a canopy tour over the forest.
- Climb Sibebe RockScramble up one of the largest granite domes in the world for views over the hills near Mbabane.
- Watch traditional dancingCatch a performance at Mantenga Cultural Village, beside a beautiful waterfall.
- Shop for craftsBrowse candles, glass, baskets and batiks in the Ezulwini and Malkerns valleys.
- Visit Ngwenya GlassWatch glassblowers turn recycled bottles into animal figurines and tableware.
- Raft the Great UsutuTackle rapids on the country's largest river with a local adventure outfit.
- Explore Lion's CavernStand at the edge of one of the world's oldest known mines in Malolotja.
Where to go in Eswatini
- 📍Ezulwini ValleyCentral · culture & craftsThe 'valley of heaven' holds royal sites, craft markets, Mantenga and easy access to Mlilwane.
- Mlilwane Wildlife SanctuaryCentral · wildlifeA gentle reserve where you can walk, cycle or ride horses among grazing animals.
- Hlane Royal National ParkLowveld · big gameThe largest protected area in the country, home to lion, elephant and rhino.
- 📍Mkhaya Game ReserveLowveld · rhinoAn intimate reserve dedicated to endangered species, visited on guided safaris.
- Malolotja Nature ReserveHighveld · hikingRugged mountains, waterfalls and wildflowers make this a hiker's paradise.
- MbabaneHighveld · capitalThe relaxed hilly capital and a good base for Sibebe Rock and Ngwenya.
- 📍Malkerns ValleyCentral · farms & artsPineapple fields, craft workshops and a lively arts and music scene.
- 📍Mbuluzi Game ReserveLowveld · bush & birdsA quiet reserve with riverside lodges, giraffe and excellent birdlife.
- Track rhinos on foot in Mkhaya
- Hike or zipline in Malolotja
- See traditional dance at Mantenga Cultural Village
- Shop for handmade crafts in the Ezulwini Valley
- Sishwala – thick maize porridge with meat stew
- Umncweba – air-dried meat, similar to biltong
- Emasi – thick sour milk
- Sidvudvu – pumpkin and maize porridge
Best time to visit Eswatini
Eswatini's climate varies with altitude: the highveld around Mbabane is temperate and misty, while the lowveld in the east is hot and drier. Most rain falls in the summer months from November to March.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Mbabane (approximate averages).
- August or SeptemberUmhlanga (Reed Dance)Thousands of young women bring reeds to the Queen Mother in one of Africa's largest cultural ceremonies.
- December-JanuaryIncwalaThe sacred 'kingship' ceremony marking the new year and the first fruits, with parts open to visitors.
- February-MarchBuganu (Marula) FestivalA celebration of the marula fruit harvest and its traditional brew.
- SeptemberIndependence DayNational celebrations mark independence on 6 September.
How many days in Eswatini?
Day 1 explore the Ezulwini Valley, Mantenga and Mlilwane. Day 2 visit the Malkerns craft route and Ngwenya Glass. Day 3 head east for a game drive at Hlane.
Days 1-2 Mbabane, Sibebe Rock and Malolotja hiking. Days 3-4 Ezulwini and Malkerns for culture and Mlilwane's wildlife. Days 5-7 move to the lowveld for Hlane and Mkhaya, with a rafting trip on the Usutu.
Backpacker budget: about $35–55 a day
- Shared minibus taxis link Mbabane, Manzini and the border posts cheaply, though they stop running early in the evening.
- Mlilwane and the Ezulwini Valley have well-known backpacker lodges and campsites.
- Many travellers combine Eswatini with Kruger National Park via the hop-on backpacker bus routes from South Africa.
- Eat at local market stalls in Manzini for cheap pap, stews and grilled meat.
- Hitchhiking is common locally, but use judgement and avoid travelling at night.
Stay safe
- Eswatini is generally relaxed, but petty crime occurs in Mbabane and Manzini – avoid walking after dark.
- Political protests have occurred in recent years; avoid demonstrations and check your government's travel advice.
- Drive defensively: livestock and pedestrians wander onto roads, and fog is common in the highveld.
- Take malaria precautions in the lowveld during the rainy season and follow medical advice.
Money
- The lilangeni is pegged to the South African rand, and rand is accepted everywhere.
- ATMs are available in Mbabane, Manzini and Ezulwini; carry cash for rural areas and markets.
- Tipping around 10% in restaurants and a small amount for guides is customary.
Emergency: 999 police · 977 ambulance · 933 fire
King Mswati III International Airport is the main air gateway, though most visitors arrive by road from South Africa via border posts like Oshoek or from Mozambique via Lomahasha.
✈️ Cheap flights to Eswatini: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- Eswatini is one of the world's last absolute monarchies.
- Lion's Cavern at Ngwenya is considered one of the oldest known mines on Earth.
- King Sobhuza II reigned for over 80 years, one of the longest reigns in recorded history.
- The country was renamed from Swaziland to Eswatini in 2018.
- Sibebe Rock is among the largest exposed granite domes in the world.
Eswatini travel questions
Is Eswatini safe for tourists?
Eswatini is generally safe for visitors, especially in reserves and tourist areas. Avoid political gatherings, don't walk at night in towns and check your government's travel advice.
When is the best time to visit Eswatini?
May to September is the best time for wildlife and dry, sunny days. Summer is greener but brings thunderstorms.
How many days do you need in Eswatini?
Two or three days covers the highlights, and a week allows hiking and lowveld safaris. Many visitors combine it with Kruger National Park.
Do I need a visa for Eswatini?
It depends on your passport. Check the official government site or embassy before you travel.
Can I see the Big Five in Eswatini?
Lion, elephant, rhino, buffalo and leopard all live in Eswatini's reserves, though leopard is rarely seen. Hlane and Mkhaya are the best bets for big game.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Distances are short, so self-drive is easy on good main roads. Minibus taxis link towns.
- Lobamba Royal Village – Royal and ceremonial heart, home of the Umhlanga and Incwala ceremonies
- Greet with 'Sawubona' and a handshake
- Show respect for the royal family and ceremonies
- Ask before photographing people
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