The story of Namibia
Namibia's deserts hide some of humanity's oldest stories. San hunter-gatherers have lived here for many thousands of years, and their ancestors left behind thousands of rock engravings and paintings, most famously at Twyfelfontein and in the Brandberg massif. Over time Nama and Damara herders, Herero cattle-keepers and Ovambo and Kavango farmers in the north settled different parts of the land, creating a richly diverse nation.
Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias planted a stone cross on the coast near today's Lüderitz in 1488, but the harsh Skeleton Coast and the Namib Desert kept most Europeans away for centuries. Missionaries and traders arrived in the 1800s, and in 1884 Germany declared the colony of German South West Africa. Herero and Nama resistance from 1904 was crushed with extreme brutality, in what is now widely recognised as a genocide; diamonds were discovered near Lüderitz in 1908.
Read the full history
During the First World War South African forces took over the territory, which South Africa then administered under a League of Nations mandate and later extended apartheid policies to. Namibians resisted through political organisation and a long liberation struggle led by SWAPO, while international pressure grew. After a UN-supervised transition, Namibia became independent on 21 March 1990.
Since then Namibia has been one of Africa's most stable democracies, known for community conservancies that let local people benefit from wildlife. Visitors find a land of vast silence: the red dunes of Sossusvlei, the wildlife of Etosha, desert-adapted elephants, shipwrecks on the Skeleton Coast and German colonial towns like Swakopmund and Lüderitz – along with living cultures such as the Himba of the Kunene region.
Timeline
- c. 2000-6000 years agoMany of Twyfelfontein's rock engravings created
- 1488Bartolomeu Dias erects a stone cross near Lüderitz
- 1884Germany declares the colony of German South West Africa
- 1904-1908Herero and Nama uprisings brutally suppressed
- 1915South African forces take control of the territory
- 1966Armed liberation struggle begins
- 1990Independence on 21 March
- 2013Namib Sand Sea listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
- Commonwealth – Commonwealth member.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of Namibia (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Namibia appears below as soon as publishers report it.
🛰️ The agents haven't spotted fresh news about Namibia in the last few days – here is the travel guide, plus the latest from nearby countries.
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Things to do in Namibia
- Climb Big Daddy at SossusvleiHike one of the world's tallest dunes, then descend to the ghostly dead trees of Deadvlei.
- Safari in EtoshaWatch elephants, lions and rhinos gather at floodlit waterholes in the dry season.
- Sandboard in SwakopmundFly down coastal dunes before trying quad biking or a scenic flight.
- See the Skeleton CoastDrive past fog-wrapped shipwrecks and seal colonies on this wild Atlantic shore.
- Kayak with seals at Walvis BayPaddle among curious Cape fur seals and spot flamingos in the lagoon.
- Explore Fish River CanyonPeer into one of the largest canyons in Africa or tackle its multi-day hike in the cooler months.
- Visit Twyfelfontein's rock artDiscover thousands of ancient engravings of animals and footprints in Damaraland.
- Track desert-adapted elephantsSearch for elephants and rhinos surviving in dry riverbeds of the Kunene region.
- Stargaze in the NamibRandGaze at the Milky Way in one of the world's darkest sky reserves.
- Wander Kolmanskop ghost townPhotograph sand-filled rooms of an abandoned diamond-mining town near Lüderitz.
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- 📍Sossusvlei & DeadvleiNamib-Naukluft · dunesTowering red dunes and a white clay pan dotted with centuries-old dead camelthorn trees.
- Etosha National ParkNorth · wildlifeA vast salt pan surrounded by waterholes that attract huge concentrations of animals.
- SwakopmundCoast · adventure townA seaside town of German architecture, cafés and adrenaline activities.
- 📍Skeleton CoastNorthwest coast · wildernessA remote, fog-bound coastline of shipwrecks, dunes and seals.
- 📍DamaralandNorthwest · desert landscapesRocky landscapes with rock art, desert elephants and community conservancies.
- Fish River CanyonSouth · canyonA dramatic canyon carved over millions of years, best seen at sunrise.
- 📍Lüderitz & KolmanskopSouth coast · colonial & ghost townA windswept harbour town and its eerie abandoned diamond settlement.
- 📍Zambezi Region (Caprivi)Northeast · riversLush rivers and wetlands with hippos, elephants and boat safaris.
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- Climb Dune 45 or Big Daddy at sunrise
- Watch animals at Etosha's floodlit waterholes
- Go sandboarding near Swakopmund
- Stargaze in the desert
- Kapana – street-grilled beef strips with spicy salsa
- Potjiekos – meat and vegetable stew cooked in a cast-iron pot
- Game meat – oryx, kudu and springbok steaks
- Biltong – dried, spiced meat snack
Best time to visit Namibia
Namibia is one of the driest countries in Africa, with hot days and cold desert nights, especially in winter (June-August). The coast is cool and foggy thanks to the cold Benguela current, while the northeast is wetter and greener.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Windhoek (approximate averages).
- 21 MarchIndependence DayCelebrations, concerts and official events mark Namibia's independence.
- OctoberWindhoek OktoberfestA legacy of German heritage, with beer, food and music in the capital.
- AugustHerero Day (Maharero Day)Herero communities gather in Okahandja in traditional dress and military-style uniforms to honour their ancestors.
- Around April-May (varies)Windhoek KarnevalA German-style carnival with parades, costumes and cabaret.
How many days in Namibia?
Day 1 arrive in Windhoek. Day 2-3 drive to Sossusvlei for dunes and Deadvlei. Day 4-5 continue to Swakopmund for activities. Day 6-7 head north to Etosha for game drives.
Day 1-2 Windhoek and Fish River Canyon or the Kalahari. Day 3-5 Sossusvlei and the NamibRand. Day 6-7 Swakopmund and Walvis Bay. Day 8-10 Damaraland and Twyfelfontein. Day 11-14 Etosha, with optional time in the Zambezi Region.
Backpacker budget: about $40–70 a day
- Self-driving is the most practical way to see Namibia; sharing a rental car or 4x4 with camping gear cuts costs a lot.
- Campsites are excellent and cheap, often with ablution blocks and braai (barbecue) facilities.
- Windhoek and Swakopmund have backpacker hostels and are good for joining group tours.
- Shop in big supermarkets in towns, as stores in remote areas are few and pricier.
- Fill up fuel at every opportunity – distances between stations can be long.
Stay safe
- Namibia is one of the safer African countries for travellers, but avoid walking alone at night in Windhoek and keep valuables out of sight.
- Gravel roads cause many accidents; drive slowly, avoid driving at night and check tyres often.
- Carry plenty of water, especially in the desert, and tell someone your route.
- In parks, stay in your vehicle except in designated areas and keep a safe distance from wildlife.
Money
- The currency is the Namibian dollar, pegged to the South African rand, which is also legal tender.
- Cards are widely accepted in towns and lodges, but carry cash for small shops, fuel stations and community campsites.
- Tipping around 10 percent in restaurants is common, and small tips for fuel attendants and guides are appreciated.
Emergency: 10111 police
Hosea Kutako International Airport near Windhoek is the main gateway, with connections via Johannesburg, Cape Town, Frankfurt and other hubs. Road borders link Namibia with South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Angola.
✈️ Cheap flights to Namibia: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- The Namib is considered one of the oldest deserts in the world.
- Namibia was among the first countries to write environmental protection into its constitution.
- Many shipwrecks along the Skeleton Coast lie far inland because the shoreline has shifted over time.
- The Welwitschia, a plant that can live for over a thousand years, grows only in the Namib Desert region.
- Namibia is one of the least densely populated countries on Earth.
Namibia travel questions
Is Namibia safe for tourists?
Yes, Namibia is considered one of the safest countries in Africa for travellers. The main risks are petty crime in towns and accidents on gravel roads.
What is the best time to visit Namibia?
May to October is ideal, with dry weather and excellent wildlife viewing. The summer months from December to March are hot and can bring storms.
Do I need a visa for Namibia?
It depends on your passport – entry rules vary by nationality and can change. Check the official government site or Namibian embassy before you travel.
Can you self-drive in Namibia?
Yes, Namibia is one of Africa's best self-drive destinations, with good main roads and well-marked routes. A 4x4 or high-clearance vehicle is recommended for gravel roads.
How many days do you need in Namibia?
A week covers Sossusvlei, Swakopmund and Etosha at a fast pace. Two weeks allows a more relaxed road trip including Damaraland and the south.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Most visitors rent a 4x4 and drive themselves on long gravel roads. Shuttle buses link Windhoek with Swakopmund and other towns.
- Ask before photographing people, especially Himba and Herero communities
- Greet people before asking for help
- Drive slowly on gravel roads and watch for wildlife
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