The story of Panama
Panama's narrow isthmus has always been a bridge – first for plants and animals moving between North and South America after it rose from the sea millions of years ago, and later for people. Indigenous groups such as the Cueva, the Ngäbe and the Guna developed rich cultures here; Monagrillo pottery found on the Azuero Peninsula is among the oldest in the Americas. Gold-working chiefdoms crafted beautiful ornaments that dazzled the first Europeans.
Spanish explorer Rodrigo de Bastidas sailed the coast in 1501, and in 1513 Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the isthmus to become the first European to see the Pacific from the Americas. Panama City was founded in 1519, becoming a key point for shipping Peruvian silver and gold to Spain along the Camino Real and the fortified Caribbean ports of Portobelo and San Lorenzo. Pirates prized these riches, and Henry Morgan sacked Panama City in 1671, after which the city was rebuilt on a new site.
Read the full history
Panama joined Gran Colombia after independence from Spain in 1821 and remained part of Colombia for decades. The California Gold Rush brought the Panama Railroad in 1855, and a failed French canal project followed in the 1880s. In 1903 Panama separated from Colombia, and the United States built and opened the Panama Canal in 1914. Control of the canal passed fully to Panama at the end of 1999, and an expanded set of locks opened in 2016.
Today Panama is a modern hub of trade and banking, yet travellers will find colonial ruins, the UNESCO-listed Casco Viejo, rainforests teeming with wildlife, Caribbean islands like Bocas del Toro and San Blas, highland coffee farms and vibrant Indigenous cultures – all within a short distance of the famous canal.
Timeline
- c. 2500 BCMonagrillo pottery made on the Azuero Peninsula
- 1513Balboa sights the Pacific Ocean
- 1519Panama City founded
- 1671Henry Morgan sacks Panama City
- 1821Independence from Spain; joins Gran Colombia
- 1903Separation from Colombia
- 1914Panama Canal opens
- 1999Canal handed over to Panama
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of Panama (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Panama appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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Things to do in Panama
- Watch ships at Miraflores LocksSee giant vessels raised and lowered through the Panama Canal.
- Explore Casco ViejoStroll the restored colonial quarter of plazas, churches and rooftop bars.
- Sail the San Blas IslandsVisit Guna Yala's palm-dotted islands and learn about Guna culture.
- Surf and party in Bocas del ToroHop between islands, beaches and reefs on the Caribbean coast.
- Hike Volcán BarúClimb Panama's highest peak to glimpse both oceans on a clear day.
- Tour coffee farms in BoqueteTaste the prized Geisha coffee in the cool highlands.
- Spot wildlife in Soberanía National ParkLook for toucans, sloths and monkeys along the famous Pipeline Road.
- Visit Panamá ViejoWalk the ruins of the original city destroyed in 1671.
- Explore Portobelo fortsSee Caribbean fortifications that once guarded Spanish treasure.
- Eat sancochoTry Panama's comforting chicken soup with herbs and root vegetables.
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Where to go in Panama
- Panama CityPacific · capitalA skyline of towers beside colonial Casco Viejo and the canal.
- 📍Panama CanalCentral · engineering wonderOne of the world's great engineering feats, with visitor centres at the locks.
- 📍San Blas (Guna Yala)Caribbean · islandsHundreds of islands governed by the Indigenous Guna people.
- 📍Bocas del ToroCaribbean · archipelagoLaid-back islands with beaches, diving and nightlife.
- BoqueteChiriquí highlands · coffeeCool mountain town for hiking, coffee and Volcán Barú.
- 📍PortobeloCaribbean coast · historyUNESCO-listed colonial forts in a quiet bay.
- 📍Pearl IslandsPacific · islandsBeautiful islands with whale-watching in season.
- 📍Coiba National ParkPacific · marine parkA UNESCO marine reserve with superb diving and wildlife.
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#Panama#Travel advisory#Visas & Entry Rules- See ships at the Panama Canal locks
- Sleep on a San Blas island
- Tour a geisha coffee farm in Boquete
- Walk the streets of Casco Viejo
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- Sancocho – chicken soup with yam and herbs
- Ceviche – fresh fish cured in lime
- Patacones – twice-fried green plantains
- Arroz con pollo – rice with chicken
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Best time to visit Panama
Panama is tropical, hot and humid year-round. The Pacific side has a clear dry season, while the Caribbean coast is wetter and follows a different pattern.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Panama City (approximate averages).
- February-MarchCarnivalFour days of water-throwing, parades and music, especially in Las Tablas.
- May-JuneCorpus Christi in La Villa de Los SantosColourful devil dancers perform in a centuries-old tradition.
- Carnival seasonFestival de Diablos y CongosAfro-Panamanian dances in Portobelo recall resistance and freedom.
- NovemberIndependence celebrationsSeveral patriotic holidays fill November with parades and marching bands.
How many days in Panama?
Day 1-2 Panama City, Casco Viejo and Panamá Viejo. Day 3 the canal locks and Soberanía, Day 4-5 an island trip to San Blas.
Day 1-3 Panama City and the canal, Day 4-6 San Blas, Day 7-8 Boquete for coffee and Volcán Barú. Day 9-12 relax in Bocas del Toro.
Backpacker budget: about $40–60 a day
- Panama City's Casco Viejo has many hostels, and buses from Albrook terminal connect the country cheaply.
- Bocas del Toro and Boquete are backpacker favourites with good hostels.
- Fondas (local diners) serve cheap set meals with rice, beans and meat.
- Book San Blas trips through hostels for good-value packages.
- Use the Panama City Metro and rechargeable cards to save on transport.
Stay safe
- Panama is generally safe, but take care in some Panama City and Colón neighbourhoods.
- The Darién region bordering Colombia is dangerous – check your government's latest travel advice.
- Use licensed taxis or ride-hailing apps at night.
- Watch for rip currents at some Pacific and Caribbean beaches.
Money
- Panama uses the US dollar alongside its own balboa coins.
- ATMs and cards are widely available in cities; carry cash for islands and rural areas.
- Tipping around 10% in restaurants is customary.
Emergency: 911 police, fire & ambulance
Tocumen International Airport in Panama City is a major hub with flights across the Americas and Europe. Land borders connect to Costa Rica, while sailboats run trips between San Blas and Colombia.
✈️ Cheap flights to Panama: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- In Panama, you can watch the sun rise over the Pacific due to the isthmus's curved shape.
- The Panama hat actually originated in Ecuador.
- Panama has used the US dollar as legal tender since 1904.
- Ships pay tolls based on size, and the canal saves thousands of kilometres compared with sailing around South America.
- Panama has more bird species than the US and Canada combined.
Panama travel questions
Is Panama safe for tourists?
Panama is generally safe for travellers in most tourist areas. Avoid the Darién region and take normal precautions in cities.
When is the best time to visit Panama?
Mid-December to April is the dry season, ideal for beaches and hiking. The rest of the year is greener with afternoon showers.
How many days do you need in Panama?
Five days covers Panama City, the canal and one island trip. Ten to twelve days lets you add the highlands and Bocas del Toro.
Do I need a visa for Panama?
It depends on your passport. Check the official government site or embassy before you travel.
What language is spoken in Panama?
Spanish is the official language. English is common in tourist areas and among Afro-Caribbean communities.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Buses run between most towns, and short domestic flights reach Bocas del Toro and San Blas areas. Panama City has a modern metro and many taxis.
- Church of San José – Home of the famous Golden Altar in Casco Viejo
- Metropolitan Cathedral – Main cathedral facing Casco Viejo's central square
- Greet with a handshake and buenos días
- Respect Guna customs and fees in San Blas
- Dress neatly in the city; beachwear is for the beach
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