The story of Switzerland
People have lived in the valleys and lake shores of Switzerland since the Stone Age, and the remains of prehistoric pile dwellings around its lakes are now protected by UNESCO. In the late Iron Age the Celtic Helvetii, who gave the country its Latin name Helvetia, settled the central plateau, until Julius Caesar defeated them in 58 BC. Under Roman rule towns such as Augusta Raurica and Aventicum flourished, and after Rome's decline the land was settled by Burgundians in the west and Alemanni in the north and east, a split still echoed in today's French- and German-speaking regions.
Switzerland's origins as a nation are traced to 1291, when the alpine communities of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden swore an alliance of mutual defence. Over the following centuries cities and rural cantons such as Lucerne, Zurich and Bern joined the Confederation, which defeated Habsburg and Burgundian armies and became famed for its mercenary soldiers. The Reformation divided the cantons between Protestant and Catholic, with Zurich and Geneva becoming major centres of the new faith, and the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 formally recognised Swiss independence.
Read the full history
In 1798 French revolutionary armies imposed the short-lived Helvetic Republic, but the Congress of Vienna in 1815 restored the Confederation and recognised its permanent neutrality. After a brief civil war in 1847, the 1848 constitution created a modern federal state with Bern as its seat of government. Railways, tunnels, banking, watchmaking and tourism brought prosperity, while Switzerland stayed neutral through both world wars. Geneva became home to the International Committee of the Red Cross and many international organisations, and women gained the federal vote in 1971.
Today visitors enjoy a remarkably diverse small country with four national languages, medieval old towns, grand lakeside resorts and some of the world's most spectacular railway journeys. Direct democracy, cantonal traditions and alpine customs remain proudly alive, from cow processions to yodelling, while museums, castles and UNESCO sites reveal the long history behind the postcard views.
Timeline
- c. 5000 BCPrehistoric pile dwellings built around lakes
- 58 BCJulius Caesar defeats the Helvetii
- 1291Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden form an alliance
- 1648Peace of Westphalia recognises Swiss independence
- 1815Congress of Vienna recognises Swiss neutrality
- 1848Federal constitution creates the modern state
- 1882Gotthard rail tunnel opens
- 1971Women gain the right to vote in federal elections
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
- Schengen Area – Part of the Schengen Area – 29 European countries with no passport checks between them. Short visits are usually counted under the 90-days-in-any-180 rule across the whole area.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of the Schengen Area (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Switzerland appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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Things to do in Switzerland
- Ride a panoramic trainGlide past glaciers and over viaducts on routes like the Glacier Express or Bernina line.
- Gaze at the MatterhornCatch dawn light on the iconic peak above car-free Zermatt.
- JungfraujochTake the cogwheel railway to a high saddle above the Aletsch Glacier.
- Swim in a city riverFloat downstream with locals in the Aare in Bern or the Rhine in Basel on a summer afternoon.
- Lake Geneva wine terracesHike or cycle through the UNESCO-listed Lavaux vineyards above the shimmering lake.
- Chillon CastleExplore a medieval island fortress on the shores of Lake Geneva near Montreux.
- Fondue and racletteDip bread into bubbling melted cheese or scrape raclette onto potatoes in a cosy mountain hut.
- Lucerne's Chapel BridgeCross the painted wooden bridge before taking a steamer onto Lake Lucerne.
- Hike in the AlpsFollow yellow trail signs through flower meadows past mountain huts and turquoise lakes.
- Ski or sledHit the slopes in world-famous resorts or race down long sledging runs in winter.
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Where to go in Switzerland
- ZurichNorthern Switzerland · citySwitzerland's largest city combines a historic old town, lakeside promenades and a lively arts scene.
- LucerneCentral Switzerland · lake townA picture-perfect old town with covered bridges, framed by Mount Pilatus and Rigi.
- 📍Interlaken & Jungfrau RegionBernese Oberland · mountainsGateway to Grindelwald, Lauterbrunnen's waterfalls and the Jungfraujoch.
- ZermattValais · alpine resortA car-free village beneath the Matterhorn with year-round skiing and superb hiking.
- 📍BernCapital · UNESCO old townArcaded medieval streets, a famous clock tower and the river Aare loop make the capital charming.
- GenevaLake Geneva · international cityHome to the Jet d'Eau fountain, an elegant old town and many international organisations.
- 📍Lavaux & MontreuxLake Geneva · vineyardsTerraced vineyards tumble to the lake near the Riviera town of Montreux and Chillon Castle.
- 📍LuganoTicino · Italian-speaking southPalm-lined lakeside promenades and Mediterranean flair on the sunny side of the Alps.
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- Ride a scenic train like the Glacier Express or Bernina Express
- Take the train up to Jungfraujoch, the 'Top of Europe'
- Swim in a clear city lake or river in summer
- Share a cheese fondue in a mountain hut
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Best time to visit Switzerland
Switzerland's climate varies dramatically with altitude, from mild lowland cities to snowbound high peaks. Ticino in the south is sunnier and warmer, while summer brings afternoon thunderstorms to the mountains.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Zurich (approximate averages).
- February-MarchBasel FasnachtStarting at 4am with the Morgestraich, masked piccolo and drum bands parade for three days.
- AugustSwiss National DayBonfires, fireworks and lantern processions mark the 1 August founding of the Confederation.
- June-JulyMontreux Jazz FestivalA legendary lakeside music festival spanning jazz, rock, soul and pop.
- AprilSechseläutenZurich's spring festival culminates in burning a snowman effigy, the Böögg.
- September-OctoberDésalpeCows decorated with flowers and bells are herded down from alpine pastures in village processions.
How many days in Switzerland?
Day 1 Zurich's old town and lake. Day 2 Lucerne and a trip up Pilatus or Rigi. Day 3-4 Interlaken and the Jungfrau Region, including Lauterbrunnen. Day 5 Bern's old town.
Day 1-2 Zurich and Lucerne. Day 3-4 Jungfrau Region. Day 5-6 Zermatt and the Matterhorn, then the Glacier Express to St. Moritz on Day 7. Day 8-10 cross south to Lugano before returning via Lake Geneva, Lavaux and Geneva.
Backpacker budget: about $100–150 a day
- Look into rail passes or half-fare travel cards and saver day passes – they can cut transport costs dramatically.
- Supermarkets have good-value ready meals and picnic food, and tap water is excellent everywhere.
- Interlaken is the classic backpacker hub, with hostels, adventure sports and easy mountain access.
- Many cities give guests a free local transport card when staying at registered accommodation.
- Hiking is free and spectacular; the official yellow trail signs show walking times between points.
Stay safe
- Switzerland is very safe, but pickpocketing occurs at busy stations and tourist spots.
- Mountain weather changes fast – carry layers, check forecasts and turn back if conditions worsen.
- Avalanche risk is real off-piste; stay on marked runs unless with a qualified guide.
- Get insurance that covers mountain rescue, as helicopter evacuations are costly; check your government's travel advice.
Money
- The currency is the Swiss franc (CHF); euros are sometimes accepted but change is often given in francs.
- Cards and contactless are accepted almost everywhere, though small huts and markets may prefer cash.
- Service is included in restaurant bills; rounding up or leaving a small extra for good service is common.
Emergency: 112 general · 117 police · 144 ambulance · 118 fire
Zurich and Geneva are the main international airports, with Basel's EuroAirport also convenient; excellent rail links connect Switzerland with France, Germany, Italy and Austria.
✈️ Cheap flights to Switzerland: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- Switzerland has four national languages: German, French, Italian and Romansh.
- The Gotthard Base Tunnel, opened in 2016, is the longest railway tunnel in the world.
- Swiss citizens vote on national issues several times a year through direct democracy.
- Switzerland has no single capital in its constitution – Bern is officially the 'federal city'.
- Velcro was invented by Swiss engineer George de Mestral after studying burrs stuck to his dog's fur.
Switzerland travel questions
Is Switzerland safe for tourists?
Yes – Switzerland is one of the safest countries in Europe. The main risks are pickpockets in busy areas and changeable mountain weather; check your government's latest advice before you travel.
When is the best time to visit Switzerland?
June to September is best for hiking, lakes and mountain trains, while December to March is ideal for skiing. Spring and autumn are quieter but some mountain lifts close.
How many days do you need in Switzerland?
Five days covers Zurich, Lucerne and the Jungfrau Region, while ten days lets you add Zermatt, Ticino and Lake Geneva.
Is Switzerland expensive?
Yes, it is one of the most expensive countries in Europe. You can save with rail passes, hostels, supermarket picnics and free activities like hiking and swimming in lakes.
Do I need a visa for Switzerland?
It depends on your passport – Switzerland is part of the Schengen Area, so check the official government site or embassy before you travel.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Trains, buses, boats and mountain railways are all linked and very punctual. A Swiss Travel Pass covers most of them.
- Einsiedeln Abbey – Baroque Benedictine abbey and major Black Madonna pilgrimage site
- Abbey of Saint Gall – Historic abbey with one of the world's most beautiful library halls
- Grossmünster – Twin-towered Zurich church where the Swiss Reformation began
- Be on time – punctuality is very important
- Keep noise down on Sundays and late at night
- Greet shop staff when you enter, in the local language if you can
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