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Iraq ✓

Cradle of civilisation, holy cities and ancient Mesopotamia

🕒 –:– local time4 stories this week2 sources 6 top placesCapital Baghdad

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Iraq📸 Photo album · 8 photos · Ultra-HD
Iraq📜 History of Iraq

The story of Iraq

Iraq is the heart of ancient Mesopotamia, the 'land between the rivers' Tigris and Euphrates, where some of humanity's earliest civilisations arose. In the south, the Sumerians built cities such as Ur and Uruk, developed cuneiform writing, and raised great stepped temples called ziggurats. Later came the empires of Akkad, Babylon and Assyria; Hammurabi issued his famous law code in Babylon, and Assyrian kings ruled from cities such as Nimrud and Nineveh. Nebuchadnezzar II made Babylon one of the wonders of the ancient world.

Persian, Greek, Parthian and Sasanian rulers followed, and Ctesiphon near modern Baghdad became a great imperial capital. After the Arab-Islamic conquests of the seventh century, Iraq became central to Islamic history: Najaf and Karbala grew into major holy cities, and in 762 the Abbasid caliphs founded Baghdad. Its 'House of Wisdom' made the city a world centre of science, translation and learning during a golden age. In 1258 Baghdad was sacked by the Mongols, and the region later came under the Ottoman Empire for several centuries.

Read the full history

After the First World War, Britain took control under a League of Nations mandate and created the Kingdom of Iraq, which became independent in 1932. The monarchy was overthrown in 1958, and from 1979 Saddam Hussein ruled until his government was removed in 2003. The decades since have included periods of war and instability, followed by gradual reconstruction, while the Kurdistan Region in the north has developed its own regional government.

Today Iraq is slowly opening up to visitors, many of them pilgrims, history lovers and adventurous travellers. Highlights include the ruins of Babylon and the reconstructed Ziggurat of Ur, the shrines of Karbala and Najaf, Baghdad's book market on Al-Mutanabbi Street, the marshlands of the south and the mountains and ancient citadel of Erbil in Kurdistan. Conditions vary widely by region, so checking official travel advice is essential before planning any trip.

Timeline

  1. c. 3200 BCCuneiform writing develops in Sumer
  2. c. 1754 BCHammurabi's law code issued in Babylon
  3. c. 600 BCNebuchadnezzar II rebuilds Babylon
  4. 762Abbasid caliph al-Mansur founds Baghdad
  5. 1258Mongols sack Baghdad
  6. 1534Ottoman Empire takes control of Baghdad
  7. 1932Kingdom of Iraq becomes independent
  8. 2019Babylon is inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Iraq✨ 9 best things to do in Iraq

Things to do in Iraq

  1. Walk among the ruins of BabylonSee the remains of one of history's most legendary cities, including the processional way and its famous lion relief.
  2. Climb the Ziggurat of UrStand on a 4,000-year-old Sumerian temple platform rising from the desert near Nasiriyah.
  3. Browse Al-Mutanabbi StreetJoin Baghdadis at their historic book market on a Friday morning and sip tea at the Shabandar Café.
  4. Visit the Iraq MuseumExplore one of the world's great collections of Mesopotamian treasures in Baghdad.
  5. Take a boat into the Mesopotamian MarshesGlide through reed channels and see traditional mudhif reed houses and water buffalo.
  6. Explore Erbil CitadelWander a hilltop settlement often described as one of the oldest continuously inhabited places on Earth.
  7. See the shrines of Karbala and NajafWitness the devotion of pilgrims at golden-domed shrines, with respectful dress and behaviour.
  8. Hike in Kurdistan's mountainsExplore gorges, waterfalls and villages around Rawanduz and Amadiya.
  9. Eat masgouf by the TigrisTry the national dish of carp, split open and slowly grilled beside an open fire.
Iraq🗺️ Where to visit in Iraq

Where to go in Iraq

  • BaghdadCapital · history & cultureA storied city of museums, markets, mosques and riverside cafés with deep Abbasid roots.
  • BabylonBabil province · archaeologyThe ruins of a legendary ancient capital, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • UrDhi Qar · Sumerian ruinsHome to the great Ziggurat and the tradition of Abraham's birthplace.
  • ErbilKurdistan Region · citadel cityA lively city crowned by its ancient citadel, with bustling bazaars below.
  • Mesopotamian MarshesSouth · wetlandsVast reed marshes, a UNESCO site where Marsh Arab traditions live on.
  • 📍
    KarbalaCentral · pilgrimage cityOne of the holiest cities in Shia Islam, centred on the Shrine of Imam Hussein.
  • 📍
    NajafCentral · pilgrimage cityHome to the Shrine of Imam Ali and one of the world's largest cemeteries.
  • 📍
    SulaymaniyahKurdistan Region · cultureA relaxed, cultured city surrounded by mountains, with museums and parks.
Iraq✨ Must-do experiences
  • Walk among the ruins of Babylon
  • Take a canoe trip in the Mesopotamian Marshes
  • Climb the Ziggurat of Ur
  • Browse books on Al-Mutanabbi Street in Baghdad
Iraq🍽️ Taste of Iraq
  • Masgouf – river fish grilled by an open fire
  • Dolma – vegetables and vine leaves stuffed with rice
  • Kubba – fried shells of bulgur filled with meat
  • Klecha – date-filled cookies
Iraq🌦️ Weather & best time to visit Iraq

Best time to visit Iraq

Iraq has a hot desert climate in the centre and south, with scorching summers and mild winters with occasional rain. The Kurdistan Region in the north is mountainous and much cooler, with snow in winter.

BestMarch to April and October to November – warm, pleasant days ideal for exploring ruins and cities.
ShoulderLate February and early May – comfortable temperatures but heat returning quickly in the south.
AvoidJune to September – extreme heat across central and southern Iraq, often well above 45°C.
16°💧Jan
19°💧Feb
24°💧Mar
30°💧Apr
37°☀️May
43°☀️Jun
45°☀️Jul
45°☀️Aug
41°☀️Sep
34°☀️Oct
24°💧Nov
18°💧Dec

Typical daytime highs and rain in Baghdad (approximate averages).

Iraq🎉 Festivals & events in Iraq
  • Dates vary (Islamic calendar)
    Arbaeen pilgrimageMillions of pilgrims walk to Karbala, many from Najaf, in one of the world's largest annual gatherings.
  • 21 March
    NowruzKurdish New Year is celebrated with bonfires, dancing and picnics, especially in the Kurdistan Region.
  • Dates vary (lunar calendar)
    Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-AdhaMajor religious holidays marked with prayers, family feasts and new clothes.
  • Dates vary (Islamic calendar)
    AshuraSolemn processions and commemorations take place, especially in Karbala, marking the martyrdom of Imam Hussein.
Iraq🧭 Iraq itinerary ideas

How many days in Iraq?

5 daysKurdistan Region

Day 1-2: explore Erbil's citadel, bazaar and museums. Day 3: drive to the mountains around Rawanduz and its canyon. Day 4-5: continue to Sulaymaniyah for its museums, markets and surrounding landscapes.

10 daysMesopotamia with a guide

Day 1-3: Baghdad's Iraq Museum, Al-Mutanabbi Street and riverside. Day 4-5: Babylon and Karbala. Day 6: Najaf. Day 7-8: Ur and the southern marshes. Day 9-10: Basra and the Shatt al-Arab, ideally travelling with a licensed local guide.

Iraq🎒 Backpacking Iraq – tips & hacks

Backpacker budget: about $30–50 a day

  • Many independent travellers start in the Kurdistan Region, which has its own entry arrangements and easier logistics – check the latest rules before you go.
  • Shared taxis and minibuses run between major cities and are cheap, but expect frequent checkpoints, so keep your passport handy.
  • Hiring a licensed local guide or fixer is highly recommended in central and southern Iraq.
  • Eat at local restaurants and street stalls for cheap kebabs, falafel, samoon bread and tea.
  • Dress conservatively, and women should carry a headscarf for visiting shrines and religious sites.
Iraq🛡️ Safety & money in Iraq

Stay safe

  • Many governments advise against all or some travel to parts of Iraq; check your government's latest travel advice before planning a trip and follow it.
  • Travel insurance may be invalid where your government advises against travel, so check your policy carefully.
  • Carry identification at all times, expect security checkpoints and do not photograph military or government sites.
  • Avoid demonstrations and large crowds, and keep up to date with local news during your trip.

Money

  • The currency is the Iraqi dinar (IQD); US dollars are widely used for larger payments, so bring clean, newer notes.
  • Iraq is largely a cash economy; ATMs exist in big cities but may not accept foreign cards, and card payments are limited.
  • Tipping is appreciated for drivers, guides and in restaurants, usually by rounding up or leaving a small amount.

Emergency: 104 police · 115 fire · 122 ambulance

Iraq🛬 Getting to Iraq

Baghdad, Erbil, Basra, Najaf and Sulaymaniyah airports have international flights, mostly via Middle Eastern hubs such as Istanbul, Dubai and Doha. Land borders with neighbouring countries exist, but rules and safety vary, so check before travelling overland.

✈️ Cheap flights to Iraq: airports, flight times & best time to fly →

Iraq💡 Did you know? 5 facts about Iraq
  • Writing, in the form of cuneiform, was among the first developed in ancient Mesopotamia.
  • The Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest surviving works of literature, comes from this land.
  • The Abbasid 'House of Wisdom' in Baghdad was a centre of translation and science in the Islamic Golden Age.
  • The Mesopotamian Marshes are one of the few places on Earth to be inscribed on the World Heritage list for both nature and culture.
  • Iraq's date palms produce many hundreds of different date varieties.
Iraq❓ Iraq travel FAQ

Iraq travel questions

Is Iraq safe for tourists?

Safety varies widely by region and can change quickly. Many governments advise against travel to some or all areas, so check your government's latest travel advice and travel with a reputable local guide if you go.

When is the best time to visit Iraq?

Spring (March–April) and autumn (October–November) are the most comfortable. Summers in the centre and south are extremely hot.

Do I need a visa for Iraq?

It depends on your passport, and the Kurdistan Region may have different arrangements – check the official government site or embassy before you travel.

How many days do you need in Iraq?

Five days is a good taste of the Kurdistan Region. Around ten days lets a guided trip cover Baghdad, Babylon, the holy cities and the south.

What should I wear in Iraq?

Dress modestly with long trousers and covered shoulders. Women should wear loose clothing and must cover their hair and often wear an abaya when visiting shrines.

Iraq💰 What a trip costs
$$price level
$30–50backpacker / day
$80–150mid-range / day

Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).

Iraq🚌 Getting around

Most travelers use taxis, private drivers or organised tours; domestic flights link Baghdad, Erbil and Basra.

Iraq🛕 Sacred & spiritual places
  • Imam Ali Shrine, Najaf – Golden-domed shrine, one of Shia Islam's holiest sites
  • Imam Husayn Shrine, Karbala – Major pilgrimage shrine visited by millions each year
  • Lalish – Holiest temple of the Yazidi faith, in a mountain valley
Iraq🤝 Local etiquette
  • Dress conservatively, especially at holy sites
  • Women should cover their hair at shrines
  • Accept tea when offered as a sign of hospitality

📰 Older Iraq stories Everything our agents ever found – keeps loading as you scroll

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