The story of Iceland
Iceland was one of the last places on Earth to be settled by humans. Irish monks may have used it as a remote retreat, but permanent settlement began around 874, when Norse chieftains and their households, many with Gaelic companions from Britain and Ireland, sailed from Norway to claim land. Tradition names Ingólfur Arnarson as the first settler, building his farm where Reykjavík now stands. The settlement age is recorded in the Book of Settlements and in the great medieval sagas.
In 930 the settlers founded the Althing, an open-air assembly at Þingvellir where laws were recited and disputes settled, often described as one of the world's oldest parliaments. Iceland adopted Christianity by agreement at the Althing around the year 1000. In the thirteenth century, after a turbulent era of feuding chieftains, Icelanders accepted the authority of the Norwegian king, and later the island passed under Danish rule. Centuries of isolation, harsh winters, volcanic eruptions and trade monopolies made life hard, but the language and saga literature survived remarkably intact.
Read the full history
A nineteenth-century independence movement led by figures such as Jón Sigurðsson won home rule in 1904 and sovereignty in a union with Denmark in 1918. During the Second World War Iceland was occupied first by British and then American forces, and on 17 June 1944 it became a fully independent republic. Fishing, including disputes with Britain known as the Cod Wars, drove the economy for decades, while geothermal energy and, more recently, tourism transformed the country.
Today Iceland is a small, modern Nordic nation with a fierce love of literature, music and the outdoors. Visitors come for waterfalls, glaciers, volcanoes, geothermal pools and the northern lights, but its history is everywhere too – at Þingvellir, in turf-roofed farmhouses, saga sites and a language that Icelanders can still read in its medieval form.
Timeline
- c. 874Norse settlers arrive, led by Ingólfur Arnarson
- 930The Althing assembly is founded at Þingvellir
- c. 1000Iceland adopts Christianity
- 1262Icelanders accept the Norwegian king's rule
- 1918Iceland becomes a sovereign state in union with Denmark
- 1944The Republic of Iceland is founded on 17 June
- 1976The last Cod War with Britain ends
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
- Schengen Area – Part of the Schengen Area – 29 European countries with no passport checks between them. Short visits are usually counted under the 90-days-in-any-180 rule across the whole area.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of the Schengen Area (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Iceland appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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Things to do in Iceland
- Drive the Golden CircleSee the rift valley of Þingvellir, the erupting Strokkur geyser and the thundering Gullfoss waterfall in one day.
- Chase the northern lightsHead away from city lights on a clear winter night to watch green ribbons dance across the sky.
- Soak in a geothermal poolJoin locals in a neighbourhood hot pot or a natural hot spring for the true Icelandic social ritual.
- Hike on a glacierStrap on crampons with a certified guide to explore blue ice and crevasses on an outlet glacier.
- Explore an ice caveIn winter, enter a glowing blue cave beneath Vatnajökull, Europe's largest ice cap by volume, on a guided tour.
- Watch icebergs at JökulsárlónSee icebergs drift through a glacial lagoon and wash up on the black sands of Diamond Beach.
- Walk behind a waterfallFollow the path behind the curtain of Seljalandsfoss on the south coast.
- Go whale watchingSail from Húsavík or Reykjavík to spot humpbacks, minke whales and dolphins.
- See puffins in summerWatch puffins nesting on sea cliffs between late spring and late summer.
- Hike LandmannalaugarWalk through rhyolite mountains streaked with red, green and gold, then bathe in a hot stream.
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Where to go in Iceland
- ReykjavíkSouthwest · capitalA compact, colourful capital with Hallgrímskirkja church, the Harpa concert hall, cafés and pools.
- 📍Þingvellir National ParkGolden Circle · history & geologyThe site of the ancient Althing, set in a rift valley between tectonic plates.
- 📍South Coast & VíkSouth · waterfalls & black beachesSkógafoss, Seljalandsfoss and the basalt columns of Reynisfjara line a classic road trip.
- JökulsárlónSoutheast · glacier lagoonA lagoon of floating icebergs at the foot of Vatnajökull, with seals often bobbing among them.
- 📍Snæfellsnes PeninsulaWest · Iceland in miniatureLava fields, fishing villages, Kirkjufell mountain and a glacier-capped volcano.
- AkureyriNorth · townIceland's northern capital, a gateway to whale watching and the Lake Mývatn area.
- 📍Lake MývatnNorth · volcanic landscapesCraters, lava formations, bubbling mud pots and a nature bath in a strange volcanic landscape.
- 📍WestfjordsNorthwest · remote fjordsDramatic fjords, bird cliffs and the waterfall of Dynjandi in Iceland's least-visited region.
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- Watch the northern lights dance in winter
- Bathe in a geothermal lagoon or hot spring
- Take a guided glacier hike
- Go whale watching from Húsavík
On 30/09/2026, a flood started in Iceland, lasting until 02/10/2026 (last update). The flood caused 0 deaths and 0 displaced .
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- Kjötsúpa – hearty lamb and vegetable soup
- Skyr – thick, creamy dairy similar to yoghurt
- Plokkfiskur – mashed fish and potato stew
- Pylsur – Icelandic hot dog with crispy onions
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Best time to visit Iceland
Iceland's climate is cool and changeable but milder than its name suggests, thanks to the Gulf Stream. The north and east are often drier and colder in winter, while the south coast is wetter and windier.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Reykjavík (approximate averages).
- January–FebruaryÞorrablótA midwinter feast of traditional foods such as fermented shark, smoked lamb and sour delicacies.
- JuneNational DayOn 17 June towns celebrate independence with parades, music and family events.
- AugustReykjavík Culture NightThe capital fills with free concerts, open houses and art events, ending with fireworks.
- NovemberIceland AirwavesA music festival packing Reykjavík's venues with new Icelandic and international acts.
- DecemberNew Year's EveBonfires and a spectacular citywide fireworks display light up Reykjavík at midnight.
How many days in Iceland?
Day 1: Reykjavík. Day 2: the Golden Circle. Day 3-4: south coast waterfalls, Vík and the glacier lagoon at Jökulsárlón. Day 5: return to Reykjavík with a geothermal soak on the way.
Day 1-2: Reykjavík and the Golden Circle. Day 3-4: the south coast and Jökulsárlón. Day 5-6: the East Fjords. Day 7-8: Lake Mývatn and whale watching from Húsavík. Day 9-10: Akureyri, then Snæfellsnes on the way back to Reykjavík.
Backpacker budget: about $90–130 a day
- Iceland is expensive – shop at budget supermarkets and cook in hostel or campsite kitchens.
- Tap water is excellent everywhere, so never buy bottled water.
- Campsites and campervans are a popular way to save money in summer, but wild camping rules are strict, so use official sites.
- Long-distance buses run in summer, but renting a car with other travellers is often the cheapest way to see the country.
- Public swimming pools are inexpensive and a great way to enjoy hot water like the locals – shower without a swimsuit before entering, as required.
Stay safe
- Check road conditions and weather warnings daily, as storms can close roads quickly.
- Never go onto glaciers or into ice caves without a certified guide.
- At beaches like Reynisfjara, stay well back from the water – sneaker waves are powerful and unpredictable.
- Stay on marked paths in geothermal areas; the ground can be thin and the water scalding.
Money
- The currency is the Icelandic króna, but cards are accepted almost everywhere, even for small amounts.
- You may rarely need cash; contactless payment is the norm, though some fuel pumps need a card PIN.
- Tipping is not expected, as service is included in prices.
Emergency: 112 police, fire & ambulance
Keflavík International Airport, around 50 km from Reykjavík, handles almost all international flights; a weekly car ferry links Seyðisfjörður in the east with Denmark via the Faroe Islands.
✈️ Cheap flights to Iceland: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- Iceland has no mosquitoes.
- Many Icelanders use patronymic surnames, so a father's first name plus '-son' or '-dóttir' rather than a family name.
- Iceland sits on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the North American and Eurasian plates are moving apart.
- Most homes in Iceland are heated by geothermal energy.
- Iceland has no standing army.
Iceland travel questions
Is Iceland safe for tourists?
Iceland has very low crime and is one of the world's safest countries. The real dangers are nature – weather, sneaker waves, glaciers and geothermal areas – so follow warnings and use guides.
When is the best time to visit Iceland?
June to August is best for road trips, hiking and the midnight sun. For northern lights, visit between September and March.
How many days do you need in Iceland?
Five days covers Reykjavík, the Golden Circle and the south coast. Allow at least ten days to drive the full Ring Road.
Do people speak English in Iceland?
Yes, almost everyone speaks excellent English. Driving is the most flexible way to get around, with buses and tours as alternatives.
Is Iceland expensive?
Yes, Iceland is one of Europe's most expensive destinations. Self-catering, camping, sharing car rental and enjoying free nature help keep costs down.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Renting a car to drive the Ring Road is most popular, and many day tours leave Reykjavík. Buses are limited and domestic flights reach the north and east.
- Hallgrímskirkja – Striking church whose tower dominates the Reykjavík skyline
- Þingvellir – Where Iceland's early parliament adopted Christianity around 1000 AD
- Shower without a swimsuit before entering public pools
- Stay on marked paths – off-road driving is banned
- Follow warning signs at beaches and glaciers
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