The story of Vanuatu
Vanuatu's 80-odd islands, strung in a Y-shape across the South Pacific, were first settled around 3,000 years ago by the Lapita people, skilled seafarers known for their finely decorated pottery. Later waves of migration added layers of Melanesian culture, creating one of the most linguistically diverse places on the planet, with over a hundred local languages. Island societies revolved around kastom – a system of traditional law, ceremonies, graded rank and exchange of pigs and mats that still shapes village life today.
The Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós arrived in 1606 and believed he had found a great southern continent, naming the island of Espiritu Santo. In 1774 James Cook mapped the group and called it the New Hebrides. The nineteenth century brought sandalwood traders, missionaries and planters, along with the cruel practice of 'blackbirding', which carried thousands of islanders to work on plantations in Queensland and Fiji.
Read the full history
Rivalry between Britain and France led to an unusual solution in 1906: the Condominium, a joint government with two police forces, two legal systems and two school systems. During the Second World War, Espiritu Santo became a huge American base, and the influx of goods inspired movements such as the John Frum cult on Tanna. An independence movement grew in the 1970s, and in 1980 the islands became the Republic of Vanuatu, after a short-lived secessionist uprising on Santo was put down.
Today Vanuatu is a peaceful parliamentary republic where Bislama, English and French are all official languages, reflecting its unique history. For travellers, the past is everywhere: in the land-diving ritual of Pentecost, the dances of Tanna's villages, the war relics around Luganville and the wreck of the SS President Coolidge. Combined with active volcanoes, blue holes and warm hospitality, it offers an adventurous and deeply cultural island escape.
Timeline
- c. 1000 BCLapita voyagers settle the islands
- 1606Pedro Fernandes de Queirós reaches Espiritu Santo
- 1774James Cook charts the islands, naming them the New Hebrides
- 1906Britain and France establish the joint Condominium government
- 1942Espiritu Santo becomes a major US military base in WWII
- 1980Independence as the Republic of Vanuatu
- 2015Cyclone Pam causes major damage; the nation rebuilds
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
- Commonwealth – Commonwealth member.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of Vanuatu (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Vanuatu appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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Things to do in Vanuatu
- Peer into Mount YasurStand on the rim of one of the world's most accessible active volcanoes on Tanna as it glows and roars after dark.
- Dive the SS President CoolidgeExplore one of the world's largest accessible shipwrecks, a WWII troopship lying off Espiritu Santo.
- Swim in a blue holePlunge into the impossibly clear, sapphire spring-fed pools of Espiritu Santo.
- Watch the land diveSee men leap from tall wooden towers with vines tied to their ankles in Pentecost's ancient naghol ceremony.
- Relax on Champagne BeachLaze on powder-white sand beside water so clear it seems to sparkle.
- Snorkel at Hideaway IslandSwim among reef fish off Efate and post a waterproof postcard from the island's famous underwater post office.
- Visit a kastom villageLearn about traditional dance, sand drawing and customs on Tanna or Efate with local guides.
- Hike to Mele CascadesClimb through a series of tiered turquoise waterfalls and pools just outside Port Vila.
- Eat lap lapTaste the national dish of grated root vegetables and coconut cream baked in leaves.
- Explore Port Vila's marketBrowse heaps of tropical fruit, kava roots and handicrafts at the bustling waterfront market house.
Where to go in Vanuatu
- Port VilaEfate · capital & harbourA relaxed harbourside capital with markets, cafés and easy access to waterfalls, beaches and islands.
- 📍TannaSouthern islands · volcano & cultureHome to Mount Yasur and strong traditional villages, it is the country's most thrilling adventure destination.
- 📍Espiritu SantoNorthern islands · beaches & divingThe largest island, with blue holes, Champagne Beach and world-famous WWII wreck diving.
- 📍LuganvilleEspiritu Santo · WWII townA laid-back town full of wartime history, including Million Dollar Point where military equipment was dumped at sea.
- 📍PentecostCentral islands · land divingThe only place to witness the naghol land-diving ritual, held during the yam harvest season.
- 📍AmbrymCentral islands · volcanoes & sorceryA wild island known for its twin volcanic craters, carved tam-tam drums and rich traditions.
- 📍MalekulaCentral islands · cultureA culturally diverse island with remote villages, traditional dances and trekking.
- 📍Hideaway IslandEfate · marine reserveA small island near Port Vila with excellent snorkelling and the famous underwater post office.
- Watch Mount Yasur erupt at dusk
- Swim in the blue holes of Espiritu Santo
- Dive the SS President Coolidge
- See the land diving on Pentecost (Apr–Jun)
- Lap lap – grated root vegetables baked with coconut cream
- Santo beef – prized grass-fed beef
- Coconut crab – island delicacy
- Kava – peppery root drink served at nakamals
Best time to visit Vanuatu
Vanuatu has a warm tropical climate, with the northern islands like Espiritu Santo hotter and wetter than the south. The wet season runs roughly from November to April, while the dry, cooler months from May to October are the most comfortable.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Port Vila (approximate averages).
- April–JuneNaghol (Pentecost land diving)Men dive head-first from wooden towers held only by vines, a ritual linked to a good yam harvest.
- JulyIndependence DayCelebrated on 30 July with parades, string-band music, sports and festivities across the islands.
- FebruaryJohn Frum DayOn 15 February villagers in Sulphur Bay on Tanna hold marching drills and celebrations honouring the John Frum movement.
- August (irregular years)Toka FestivalA spectacular gathering of dance and exchange held on Tanna, celebrating alliances between villages.
How many days in Vanuatu?
Days 1-2 explore Port Vila, Mele Cascades and Hideaway Island. Days 3-4 fly to Tanna to visit a kastom village and climb Mount Yasur at dusk. Day 5 return to Port Vila for a market visit and harbour sunset.
Days 1-3 discover Efate's waterfalls, beaches and markets. Days 4-5 fly to Tanna for the volcano and village visits. Days 6-10 head to Espiritu Santo to dive the President Coolidge, swim in blue holes, visit Million Dollar Point and relax on Champagne Beach.
Backpacker budget: about $50–80 a day
- Shared minibuses marked with a 'B' on the number plate are the cheapest way around Port Vila – flag one down and tell the driver where you're going.
- Island bungalows and village guesthouses are a great budget option on Tanna, Santo and the outer islands.
- Eat at the Port Vila market house food stalls for filling, cheap local meals.
- Domestic flights fill up fast and schedules change, so book inter-island hops early and leave buffer days.
- Try kava at a local nakamal in the evening for a truly Ni-Vanuatu experience – but go easy, it's strong.
Stay safe
- Volcano visits should always be with a local guide, and you should follow their instructions about how close to go.
- Check cyclone forecasts during the wet season and follow local advice if a storm approaches.
- Ask permission before entering villages, photographing people or swimming at beaches, as land is customarily owned.
- Take precautions against mosquitoes, as malaria and dengue are present in parts of the country.
Money
- The currency is the vatu; ATMs are found in Port Vila and Luganville, but are rare or absent on outer islands.
- Cards are accepted in larger hotels and restaurants in towns, but carry cash for markets, minibuses and remote areas.
- Tipping and bargaining are not part of local custom, so prices are generally fixed.
Emergency: 111 police · 112 ambulance · 113 fire
Bauerfield International Airport in Port Vila is the main gateway, with some international flights also reaching Luganville on Espiritu Santo. Cruise ships regularly call at Port Vila and other islands, but there are no land borders.
✈️ Cheap flights to Vanuatu: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- Vanuatu has one of the highest densities of languages in the world, with more than a hundred spoken across its islands.
- The land-diving ritual of Pentecost is said to have inspired modern bungee jumping.
- Hideaway Island has an underwater post office where you can mail waterproof postcards.
- Sand drawing, a traditional art of continuous lines traced in sand, is recognised by UNESCO as intangible cultural heritage.
- Before independence, the islands were jointly ruled by Britain and France, which meant two of almost everything, from police to prisons.
Vanuatu travel questions
Is Vanuatu safe for tourists?
Vanuatu is generally safe and friendly, with low levels of serious crime. The main risks come from nature – cyclones, volcanic activity and strong currents – so follow local advice and check your government's latest travel advice before you go.
When is the best time to visit Vanuatu?
May to October is the cooler, drier season and the best for diving and volcano trips. January to March is hot, humid and the peak of the cyclone season.
How many days do you need in Vanuatu?
Five days covers Efate and a quick trip to Tanna's volcano. Ten days or more allows you to add Espiritu Santo and its blue holes and wreck dives.
Do I need a visa for Vanuatu?
It depends on your passport – check the official government site or embassy before you travel. Rules can change, so confirm before booking.
What language is spoken in Vanuatu?
Bislama is the national language and used everywhere, while English and French are also official. Most people in tourism speak English, and getting around Efate is easy by shared minibus.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Minibuses marked 'B' and taxis run in Port Vila and Luganville. Domestic flights link the main islands.
- Ask permission before visiting villages, beaches or kastom sites
- Dress modestly in villages
- Some kastom sites charge a small fee – this supports local owners
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